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58 pages 1 hour read

Geraldine Brooks

Year of Wonders

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2001

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Part 2, Chapters 11-14Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2: “Spring, 1665”

Part 2, Chapter 11 Summary: “The Body of the Mine”

Content Warning: The source material contains child death, extreme violence towards women, detailed descriptions of traumatic births, symptoms from severe illness, and painful death.

Anna’s body is sore for many days after the mine incident. She hopes Joss might help her carry water from the well when she sees her father approaching her cottage holding a sack full of metal items from the Widow Brown he received as payment for digging graves. Josiah is requiring the bereaved citizens to pay him for digging graves for their loved ones, even if they don’t have any resources. Anna confronts Aphra about his greedy actions, but Aphra says she doesn’t mind since he’s finally become a provider for their household. When Anna sees her father accepting a bale of wool for digging a grave for the Martins, she knows he has gone too far, but he spits at her when she scolds his behavior.

The church begins meeting in Cucklett Delf, and Anna says she likes it because it’s less obvious who is missing from their fold. Her father stops attending church, an action that would typically send him to the stocks, but no one seems to care amidst the current crisis. Since Joss prefers spending his afternoons at the tavern, he declares that he will only dig graves in the morning and even starts digging graves at the homes of sick people. Mr. Mompellion confronts Joss in his home, but he drunkenly derides the rector for preventing him from profiting from his hard work.

Christopher Unwin has been sick with the plague for many days but is improving, and Elinor and Anna hope he will survive. Randoll Daniel comes to the rectory reporting that Joss is at Christopher’s house digging his grave, and the young man is convinced that he is dying. Anna and Mr. Mompellion rush to Christopher’s house to assess his improvement. Mr. Mompellion confronts Joss over the gravesite and curses him. Joss raises his hand to punch the rector, but Mr. Mompellion steps aside, throwing him off balance and striking him, and Joss falls into the grave. Later, a humiliated Joss makes a scene at the tavern and is thrown out for disorderly conduct. Anna worries that Joss will take out his anger on Aphra and the children, but when she casually suggests that they go live in the Gowdies’ abandoned cabin, Aphra states, “Don’t you worry about me, girl. I have my own ways of bridling that mule” (197).

The next day, Anna awakens to a red sky, signaling an approaching storm. Christopher Unwin staggers into the street, drenched in mud and covered only by a bed sheet, claiming that Joss tried to murder him in his bed with his shovel. After dragging him to the shallow grave, Joss stole his clothing and other valuables from the house. A mob gathers to enact justice. Since the plague has left them unable to handle crime properly, they use the miner’s tavern as a makeshift court, and the Barmester serves as the judge. They ask Anna to attend the trial to serve as a witness, but she asks not to speak against her father. During the questioning, Joss pleads guilty to attacking Christopher and stealing from his home, and when the Barmester asks if anyone will speak on his behalf, Anna remains silent. The Barmester sentences him to have his hand impaled to the mine wall, a punishment usually reserved for thieving miners.

A storm rages and floods the village, including the mines. Anna thinks about helping her father but assumes that Aphra went to rescue him, as is the custom. However, she doesn’t know that the plague hits Aphra’s three older children that night. After three days, Aphra arrives at Anna’s door with bloodied, blistered hands, having spent all night digging graves for the boys and building a fortress of briars over them to protect them from evil spirits.

Though Anna feels guilty for her father’s death, she blames it on the entire community for abandoning Aphra since her family was hated for Joss’s actions. Anna and Aphra find her father’s body in the mine, badly mangled by predators. They construct a cairn, and Anna notices that instead of making a cross over the grave, Aphra creates a stick doll and places it on the mound, making peculiar gestures instead of the sign of the cross.

Part 2, Chapter 12 Summary: “The Press of Their Ghosts”

Anna grieves her father and shares his backstory with Elinor, hoping it will help her understand why he became such a horrible man. Josiah joined the navy at a young age and spent much of his childhood aboard ships, where he was sexually abused by the older sailors and regularly whipped by the boatswain. After escaping once and fleeing to land, a press gang captured him and forced him back into naval service. Once he ran away again, he lived in constant fear of being recaptured, and alcohol was the only thing that brought him solace. After sharing her story, Anna feels like a tremendous burden has been lifted. Elinor explains that she always wondered why a man like Josiah bothered honoring the Sunday Oath, but Anna says she thinks that he felt God was protecting him somehow.

Anna tells Elinor about Aphra’s strange behavior at Josiah’s grave, and Elinor produces a piece of cloth she got from Margaret Livesedge with a spell written on it. Margaret claimed she purchased the spell from someone claiming to be Anys Gowdie’s ghost. They both agree that they must tell Mr. Mompellion so that he may address the growing problem in his sermons.

Mr. Mompellion says that he found the Rileys passing their baby through the bramble bushes to “protect him from invasion by the Plague seeds” (212), and the baby was covered in scratches. He sends Anna with a salve for the baby’s wounds. At the Riley cottage, Lottie is boiling a pot full of the baby’s urine, a recommendation from the witch. Anna scolds Lottie for her foolish ignorance, binds the baby’s wounds with salve and clean bandages, and tosses out the pot of urine. She gives Lottie specific instructions for tending to the baby but is confident that Lottie is still consumed by her fear. As Anna leaves the pitiful scene, she wonders if God cares about the minutiae of her life and contemplates the growing spiritual delusions in the village. She thinks they might be better off studying the plague and finding a cure rather than obsessing over whether it’s God’s divine punishment.

May arrives with chaotic weather patterns and a growing sense of dread in the town as the warm weather increases the casualties. Anna tends to her sheep and the dying, and Mr. Mompellion’s sermons grow dimmer by the week. Anna notes that by June, 104 people are dead. Villagers, including herself, have become increasingly fearful of coming near one another, and the town suffers from losing all their skilled artisans. Some villagers have taken to erratic behavior, such as Andrew Merrick, who withdrew to the woods to live alone, and Jane Martin, Anna’s former babysitter and a devout Puritan, who has now taken to drinking and carousing at the tavern.

The Gordons, who were present at Mem’s lynching, haven’t been seen in town much until Anna stumbles upon an almost unrecognizable John near the well. He is gaunt, wearing only a loincloth, and is whipping himself with a leather scourge embedded with nails. Anna begs him to stop, but he only responds in Latin. Anna immediately alerts Mr. Mompellion, who identifies John as a “Flagellant” (220), or a person who believes that the plague is a punishment from God and tortures themselves to attain forgiveness. Mr. Mompellion explains that the group originated during the first outbreaks of the plague centuries before and is primarily harmless until they form mobs, which have been known to carry out violence against those whom they see as scapegoats for the plague, such as the Jews.

Mr. Mompellion takes Anna to the Gordons’ to investigate, and on the way, they come upon Jane Martin having sex with Albion Samweys in a ditch. They are both visibly drunk, but while he only dismisses Albion to go home, Mr. Mompellion shouts at Jane, demanding that she fall on her knees and repent of her sin. Anna defends the girl, claiming that she cannot understand him in her drunken stupor, and he shouts at Anna that she has forgotten her place. However, Anna doesn’t relent and says that Jane has suffered enough, losing her entire family to the plague. Jane vomits, and Anna helps clean her before they carry her home on horseback. On the way to the Gordons’, Mr. Mompellion apologizes to Anna for his anger and asks that she not tell Elinor.

Urith Gordon says John is missing. Wearing a coarse linen garment and gaunt with starvation, she invites Anna and Mr. Mompellion into the frigid, empty house. Urith explains that John forced her to fast for two weeks and that he is gone roaming the moors. The home is strewn with wooden crosses John fashioned as he abandoned his farming duties to make the talismans. Anna gives Urith a basket of food, which she devours, but fears her husband will beat her for breaking her fast. He burned all their furniture and clothing and tried to force her to go naked, but she refused, claiming that it was inappropriate.

Mr. Mompellion searches for John all along the moors with no luck. Brand discovers John’s body a week later at the base of a cliff. Mr. Mompellion holds a memorial service for John and reminds his parishioners not to embrace the lie that they must increase their suffering to appease God. However, when Urith dies from the plague, many villagers assume that John’s flagellation had been protecting them. Soon, Martin Miller and Randoll Daniel don sackcloth and begin beating themselves.

At the rectory, Anna secretly watches Mr. Mompellion and Elinor share a tender moment. Seeing their love at first fills Anna with thankfulness that God has so far spared them from the plague. However, her joy quickly turns bitter as she is lonely. She takes their dinner dishes outside and smashes them in a rage.

Part 2, Chapter 13 Summary: "A Great Burning”

Anna and Elinor visit the elderly survivors of the plague who can’t care for themselves and wonder why the plague affects the young and healthy while the elders are left untouched. Elder James Mallion asks Anna why God spared him yet took the young children, and she is so struck with grief that she can’t answer.

Elinor begins coughing, and Anna fears the worst. Elinor demands that she not worry since she feels it is only a cold. Elinor languishes in bed for three days with a high fever. She tells Anna she is proud of the woman she has become, saying, “I wonder if you know how you have changed. It is the one good, perhaps, to come of this terrible year” (234). Anna wants to stay by her bed continually, but Mr. Mompellion often sends her home, and Anna is jealous of their bond.

Elinor’s condition worsens, and she begins to hallucinate and call out for Charles. Mr. Mompellion makes Anna leave, but Elinor’s fever breaks overnight, and the next morning, Anna finds she is alert. Over the next few days, Elinor steadily improves and is soon well enough to walk outside. Mr. Mompellion returns from visiting the Gordons, where he burned all the crosses, and tells Elinor that he’s had an idea, though they don’t share it with Anna.

Mr. Mompellion tells the congregation to burn all their possessions to rid them of the illness. He orders that everyone commit something to the fire and scour their home with boiling water. Anna contributes what she can, but if she had heeded Mr. Viccars’s warning and burned all his garments, they wouldn’t be where they are now. The townsfolk create a large bonfire in the dell where they meet for services, and as Anna watches the flames consume their earthly goods, she sees an image of a skull.

Suddenly, Brand and Robert Snee arrive, dragging Aphra veiled in black. They reveal that Aphra has been posing as a witch, conning people out of money for charms and spells. The crowd grows angry and begins calling for a witch trial, but Mr. Mompellion disperses the crowd, assuring them that Aphra will answer for her crimes the following day. Anna takes Aphra’s young daughter Faith home to her cottage, and the child suffers from terrifying nightmares all night.

Anna blames what happens next on Mr. Mompellion’s failure to act that night. Robert throws Aphra into his manure cistern, where she fights all night to keep from drowning in the mess. The following day, they drag a despondent Aphra to the village green, where the pillory stands for public punishment. Anna admits that she hates the scaffold and is glad Mr. Mompellion discourages it. She and Elinor take Aphra back to her cottage and clean her up. Aphra regains her wits and curses Anna, claiming she is trying to steal Faith from her. Anna worries for the child’s safety and visits Aphra’s cottage every day with food, but Aphra will not let her in and curses her with unintelligible words.

One night, Anna sneaks up to the cottage and sees Aphra performing a ritualistic dance with a snake in front of the fire. Anna breaks into the cottage and sees that Faith has died from the plague: Aphra has painted her face with chalk and grotesquely hung the body from the rafters. When Aphra lunges at Anna with the snake, Anna runs from the cottage to summon the rector for help. However, no one can get inside the cabin, and they give up, claiming that they can’t help Faith and her corpse might spread disease.

Part 2, Chapter 14 Summary: “Deliverance”

Despite her lingering fear over Aphra, Anna takes joy in noticing that the death toll is falling, and everyone begins to have hope that the plague is over. Andrew Merrick’s rooster returns, and he soon follows, which Anna takes as a good sign. Elinor implores Mr. Mompellion to hold a service of thanksgiving and end the quarantine so that the young survivors can travel outside the city and search for family members or start their lives anew. Mr. Mompellion is wary of declaring victory over the plague too soon, but he finally agrees to hold the service in August.

The survivors gather in the dell, and Anna notes that Elinor carries a bouquet and looks resplendent. The spot where they had the great bonfire is turning green with new growth, and Mr. Mompellion sees it as a sign. Just as he begins his sermon, Aphra appears wielding the knife that pinned Joss to the mine and carrying Faith’s badly decomposed body. She rushes at Mr. Mompellion, but he wrestles her to the ground. Just as Elinor reaches to take the knife, Faith’s skull detaches from her body, and Aphra flies into a rage, stabbing Elinor in the neck and then turning the knife on herself. As Elinor lies bleeding, Aphra falls to the ground and touches Faith’s skull to her lips.

Part 2, Chapters 11-14 Analysis

These chapters bring the narrative to a climax as the town suffers even more, illustrating The Effects of Disasters on Communities. Many residents resort to strange behaviors and coping mechanisms as they feel the mental and emotional strain of living under the plague.

Anna and the Mompellions discover more evidence that the villagers are leaning on irrational practices to tame their fears. The author’s exploration of the divergent reactions of individuals in Eyam is a study of the psychology of disaster. Some people thrive in the face of conflict and hardship, such as Anna and Elinor. In contrast, others resort to unethical and deranged behavior in acts of self-preservation or to profit from others' pain. The emergence of the Flagellants is a disturbing development as the group, though primarily interested in self-mortification, has a history of morphing into mobs. Mompellion has completely lost control of his flock, with the townspeople’s disintegrating behavior reflecting their spiritual and communal confusion.

Brooks explores The Intersection of Faith, Superstition, and Science through Anna and the rector’s attempts to rid the town of superstitious practices, while Anna and Elinor are on the cusp of a true scientific breakthrough in their study of the plague survivors. As they notice that the older members of the town have a high chance of survival, they discover a critical tenet of disease resistance: immunity. Having lived longer and been exposed to other diseases earlier in life, the older generation have more robust immune systems, allowing them to fight this outbreak better. Anna and Elinor’s efforts to create medicines to help bolster everyone’s immune system is a plausible solution and marks a step toward leading their community to better health, while also offering a practical alternative to the superstitions and witchcraft some of the townspeople have turned to.

Anna also continues to confront The Complexities of Gender Roles, especially the double standards for men and women. Mr. Mompellion’s angry denunciation of Jane Martin reveals his patriarchal attitude towards sexual behavior. After sending the man away with no punishment, he scolds Jane as if the sexual encounter is her fault alone and demands she repent on her knees. The demand for her to kneel before him reminds Anna of her father’s tyranny, and the phrase also has a sexual connotation, putting the woman in a position to be dominated by the man and submit to his desires. Whereas Anna was unable to stand up to her father’s oppression earlier in the novel, she now speaks freely in defense of Jane and stops the rector’s abuse, demonstrating her growth. Anna’s refusal to speak up for her father during his trial also displays her desire to distance herself from her family of origin and to finally be free of patriarchal rule over her life, further cementing her growing sense of confidence.  

Elinor’s recovery from her fever and the dropping casualty rates cast a tone of hope as Anna dares to wonder if their worst days are behind them. The thanksgiving service appears more like a strange wedding as Anna describes Elinor as a dazzling bride holding a wedding bouquet. However, Aphra’s deteriorating mental health and shocking act of violence immediately upend the scene. Her use of the same knife that led to Joss’s death exemplifies the ravages of the plague that go far beyond the dead bodies piled in the churchyard, and her psychological deterioration is a metaphor for the physical and emotional collapse of the entire town. The senselessness of Elinor’s death underpins the notion that humans have little control over the events of their lives, deepening Anna’s dilemmas over matters of faith.

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