63 pages • 2 hours read
Nathan HillA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Elizabeth works at a research institute affiliated with DePaul University which students the placebo effect. In the early 2000s, it tested the claims made by fitness and weight loss products.
The novel flashes back to Elizabeth and Jack’s early parenting days.
On one Tuesday afternoon in November 2008, when Toby is two and refuses to eat most food, Elizabeth goes to great lengths to coax him to try new foods, fueled by child-rearing research. After lunch, Elizabeth and Toby go to the grocery store, an errand that ends when Toby hits her. In the middle of Toby’s tantrum, a woman approaches Elizabeth to point out that her scarf is unraveling. Elizabeth sobs as the woman consoles Toby.
Later, the situation gives her insight into a problem that a potential client—United Airlines—approached her company with.
A week later, Elizabeth is again serving lunch to Toby. Jack enters briefly, comments on how pretty the plate of food looks, then takes a picture of it. He shows the photo to Toby, who agrees it is pretty, then immediately eats everything. Elizabeth is stunned. Jack explains that Toby’s refusal to eat is due to his not wanting to spoil the aesthetic of the plate—capturing it via photograph preserves it.
Elizabeth thinks suddenly of her marriage, wondering if it has been a mere placebo all along.
The novel flashes back to Jack’s childhood.
Jack is born when his mother becomes unexpectedly pregnant with him at age 37 in 1974. She is warned that he could be born with any number of disabilities due to her advanced age. This proves true: Jack is born prematurely and diagnosed with failure to thrive when he cannot gain enough weight. Jack grows up sensing that he has made his parents, especially his mother, angry by his inability to grow. He lives in the shadow of his older sister, Evelyn, the town’s homecoming queen. At age four, Jack becomes very sick, possibly with spinal meningitis. When the test results come back negative, doctors discover he actually has tonsillitis. Jack’s fear at complaining about his sore throat made a relative benign infection progress to an extreme.
In the present, Jack waits for Benjamin, who is teaching a yoga class to businessmen. He asks Benjamin about the delay in the construction of the condos. Benjamin explains that there have recently been protests about the project due to its intent to provide low-income housing. Benjamin is confident, however, that he can come up with a solution. He comments on what he perceives to be Jack’s poor health and shows him a cabinet full of tinctures he has accrued.
Jack goes to work. The university CFO comes to his class, wanting to discuss how Jack plans to improve his Impact algorithm. When he leaves, Jack begins his lecture on landscape painting, explaining to the class that artists are often not free to create what they want but must create what rich people demand.
In his lectures on landscape painting, Jack notes that the prairie is often overlooked as a subject, deemed not worthy of capturing. Even in the Art Institute museum, the only prairie painting is “The Prairie on Fire.” Jack often studies it, partly to avoid the crowds at Grant Woods’s “American Gothic,” a famed painting of a stoic farmer couple. Jack recalls his father, a Kansas farmer, explaining controlled burns to him, which “The Prairie on Fire” seems to accurately depict.
The novel flashes back to Elizabeth’s family’s roots.
Elizabeth’s ancestry is eminent. Her great-great-grandfather Alvin Augustine, who lived from 1835 until 1920, invested in a new product—canned condensed milk that does not require refrigeration. Alvin entered into an agreement with the canned milk producer to transform Alvin’s land into railroads to transport his product in exchange for buying his fuel exclusively from Alvin. Alvin thus became wealthy by clearing timber for fuel for the trains, in part after swindling several landowners out of their land.
Alvin’s oldest son Everett, who lived from 1870 to 1950, felt pressure to be financially successful. After his first endeavor in the cotton industry failed, he invested in an unpopular medicinal powder. His third attempt was a financial firm that proved to be a Ponzi scheme. After this, Everett sank into a depression until his father met the director of the real-world film “Birth of a Nation,” an infamously racist piece of pro-Ku Klux Klan propaganda. The director predicted a rise in KKK membership, which proved to be accurate. Everett became a leading robe maker, due to all the cotton he had in warehouses.
Everett’s oldest son, Elizabeth’s grandfather Cornelius, was born in 1926 and died in 1980. Cornelius joined the Marines and was sent to Japan after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After misunderstanding Japanese citizens asking for water while offering him gold, he took the gold home and began a gold supply company.
The narrative remains in the past.
In college, Elizabeth comes across a posting on the theatre job board: A psychology professor is looking for student actors for a research experiment. Elizabeth prepares a resume and meets with Dr. Otto Sanborne, an elderly man who warmly invites Elizabeth to sit down, then offers her a cookie. He briefly excuses himself and while he is gone, Elizabeth wipes away the crumbs from the cookie. When he returns, Dr. Sanborne asks why she cleaned up the crumbs. He has just conducted an experiment on her: An open bottle of bleach is hidden in the room and he insists people are more likely to clean up when they smell it.
The study he recruits Elizabeth for will involve determining whether someone can be essentially manipulated into falling in love. Elizabeth begins the next day.
The novel returns to the present.
At Wellness, Elizabeth prepares to see a new client named Gretchen. Wellness is currently testing a product that promises to restore gut bacteria to the state of early humans. Elizabeth is surprised when “Gretchen” turns out to be Brandie. Brandie insists she needs the “love potion” that Elizabeth has told her about: Brandie’s marriage is not going well and her husband has been unfaithful.
Elizabeth is hesitant, but then thinks about the behavioral issues Toby has been having at school. If he were threatened with expulsion, Elizabeth could call on Brandie, who has power as a leader in the Parent Teacher Association and would be indebted to Elizabeth. Elizabeth gives Brandie the pills, prefaced by a long explanation of the research behind them involving theories of coupling in early human societies. Brandie is grateful.
The pills, however, have no active ingredients and are merely placebos.
The novel flashes back to Elizabeth’s childhood.
On her 14th birthday, Elizabeth is staying with her parents at the historic Augustine home in Connecticut. She has moved so frequently that she rarely has any friends, but is excited because a girl named Maggie Percy gave her a note inviting her to come on a fall trip with Maggie’s family. Elizabeth’s father gifts her a large amount of tennis gear for joining the team, and insists they play immediately after breakfast. Elizabeth does, playing unhappily and poorly. After the game, her father insists they drive to the mall. On the drive, Elizabeth tells him of her new interest in theatre and he criticizes its impractical nature.
At the mall, her father returns the tennis racket, claiming that it is flawed because his daughter could not hit any shots with it. He buys her several Advanced Placement study guides at a bookstore, and then formal dresses for the dinners they will be having at the Augustine house that summer. When they return to the parking lot, they discover that a blue van parked next to them has scraped some of the paint on Elizabeth’s father’s BMW. In response, he instructs her to measure all of the accessible parking spots in the lot, reporting back to him which ones are not compliant with the legal minimum size, even by less than an inch. With this information, he wins a class action lawsuit that pays for a new BMW.
The novel returns to the present.
Elizabeth goes to Brandie’s home for a meeting of Community Corp, a group Brandie has started to improve the community through the power of positive thinking and avoiding framing problems in terms of negatives. Brandie leads Elizabeth through an exercise wherein Elizabeth connects her fear of Toby’s having tantrums to the explosions of temper her father had when she was a teen. Elizabeth’s father demanded perfection, yet did not want Elizabeth to exceed his accomplishments.
The group insists that people can manifest what they want by telling themselves that it is already true. Elizabeth is dubious and excuses herself to find the restroom. Instead, she discovers Brandie’s “Quiet Room,” where Brandie has covered a bulletin board with photos of her and her husband as well as magazine photos of couples.
Elizabeth’s family legacy, which she finds shameful, is one of greed, unbridled capitalism, and chicanery. She comes from three generations of great wealth and acclaim; however, each of her ancestors achieved success in unscrupulous ways. Moreover, each was brazenly proud of this unethical approach to business. Flashbacks to Elizabeth’s childhood show that her father has inherited the mindset of his forebears. For instance, rather than paying to fix the scratch on his BMW, he swindles the mall by bringing a class action lawsuit about accessibility—an issue that he doesn’t really care about. Feeling entitled and superior because he has inherited wealth and status, he criticizes those with fewer opportunities. The novel mocks his myopia, which it implies is common to people born with his privilege. Though he boasts of his ancestors being self-made men and of not resting of the laurels of previous generations, this is actually not the case. It’s apparent to readers that his inherited wealth, rather than any ingenuity or work ethic, has led to his luxurious lifestyle.
The novel’s title plays on the idea of “wellness” as a consumer-driven commodity, and more concretely, it is also the company for which Elizabeth works. The term conjures associations with the origins of wellness—an approach that prides itself on holistically addressing mental and physical health, borrowing techniques from Western medicine and the teachings from various world cultures or philosophies. However, as depicted in the novel, wellness is a sham that harnesses The Power of Placebo and the insecurities created by social media’s depictions of idealized bodies and lifestyles. This distortion of what the pursuit of well-being should actually look like is satirized in Jack’s adoption of The System—a trendy pseudo-scientific product designed to hook consumers into spending more and more money despite never actually producing any health and happiness results. No matter how much time Jack devotes to The System, his body does not change, but he has been conditioned by a culture that blames individuals for systemic problems, to assume that the failure is his, not the app’s. The novel’s satirical treatment reaches its apotheosis in the placebo research that Wellness does; their products turn the wellness industry on its head by simply promising miracles based on absolutely nothing (neither scientific-sounding claims nor references to vague ancient mysticism), and relying on consumers’ psyches to create results instead. While it aims to employ science to combat pseudo-science, its manipulation of its clients is ethically just as suspect as what the wellness industry does; gradually, Elizabeth will grow dubious of the morality and efficacy of this work.
Elizabeth’s approach to life’s problems often employs a mix of science and psychology. She is determined not to give in to her base emotions when parenting a toddler proves challenging, but is flummoxed when her toddler does not respond to her rational approach. While Jack is seemingly capable of putting himself in Toby’s shoes—for example, realizing that Toby finds it hard to eat food that is beautiful until that beauty has been captured—Elizabeth finds Toby too much like her younger self to sympathize with his challenges. Motivated by her own unhappy childhood shuttling from school to school without an opportunity to settle long enough to make friends, Elizabeth is desperate for Toby to fit in and to remain securely ensconced in his private school. Fearful that his behavioral quirks will lead to expulsion—an outcome that is another of the novel’s wry mockeries of modern life—Elizabeth schemes to befriend Brandie, recognizing the power Brandie wields as a PTA leader. This ulterior motive mirrors, to a degree, Elizabeth’s father’s manipulation of others.
The novel juxtaposes three couples to illustrate The Limitations of Marriage: Jack and Elizabeth, Brandie and her husband, and Kate and Kyle. Each attempts different ways to resolve their marital problems, all of which revolve around sexuality. Brandie, whose marriage has been challenged by infidelity, is desperate to regain her husband’s love—so desperate that she is willing to take the experimental pills Elizabeth’s company creates (which, as far as Brandie knows, have some kind of psychoactive ingredient). Brandie places her hope in this miracle cure, which aligns with her grasp at positive thinking in general—a pseudo-philosophy that the novel mocks as delusional. On the surface, Elizabeth and Jack have a different sexual issue—lack of desire. While Jack still wants Elizabeth, she is no longer interested in him physically. However, their dynamic is similar to that between Brandie and her husband. Jack’s desperation mirrors Brandie’s, and his unilateral would-be solution—The System—echoes Brandie’s decision to take the Wellness “love potion.” Both promise consumer quick fixes to existential problems, and the novel makes it clear that neither will work. In contrast, Kate and Kyle are open about the fact that they are not sexually enough for one another. They acknowledge that their marriage does not fulfill all of their needs and so they have opted into a different lifestyle—an open relationship. The idea is immediately intriguing to Elizabeth, but there are hints that Kate and Kyle aren’t actually an ideal to which they should aspire. Kate is half of Kyle’s age, and his children are from a previous marriage—possibly indicating that the couple has a shallower connection than Elizabeth and Jack had at the height of their romance.
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