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53 pages 1 hour read

Renée Watson

Ways to Make Sunshine

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2020

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Chapters 8-11Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 8 Summary: “Afro Puffs”

On Saturday, Ryan rehearses her Easter speech over and over again in order to calm her nerves. Ryan explains that every year at church, all the kids in Sunday school recite a speech in front of the entire congregation. Every year, Ryan struggles with the speech, forgetting a word or freezing up in front of the crowd. This year, Ryan is determined to successfully recite her speech: “I have read my speech so many times, I can say it in my sleep” (54). Ryan envisions her successful speech as her Grandma arrives to do her hair.

Ryan’s Grandma used to be a beautician, and sets Ryan up in the kitchen, placing her pressing comb on the low flicker of flames at the stovetop. Ryan explains that she only gets her hair straightened for special occasions, and that she usually wears her hair in a “big puffy ponytail” (56) or in twists. Grandma compliments Ryan’s thick hair as she runs the comb through it, reminding her that Ryan will need to keep her hair dry in order to preserve the setting.

When Grandma finishes Ryan’s hair, Ryan stands in front of the bathroom mirror admiring herself. She tells Grandma that she loves it and that “I look beautiful” (59). Grandma reminds Ryan that she is beautiful no matter what her hair looks like and disagrees with Ryan when she says that she is more beautiful “with my hair like this” (59). Grandma tells Ryan that her beauty does not rely on her looks and that she is beautiful because of her kindness, willingness to help others, and creativity with her recipes. She ends by saying that Ryan’s hair does not decide her beauty, but rather how she treats others.

Chapter 9 Summary: “What Easter Means to Me”

At the Easter Sunday service the next day, Ryan sits waiting for her turn to give her speech. As Ryan watches her friend KiKi give her speech “with no mistakes or pauses at all” (63) and Ray whose speech is “perfect because he is good at everything” (63). When Ryan’s turn arrives, she stands at the microphone feeling confident in her new dress and pressed hair. As she recites the title of her speech, “What Easter Means to Me” (64), the microphone screeches with loud feedback, which makes Ryan anxious. She drops the microphone which elicits another loud screech and Ryan forgets the words to her speech.

Ms. Howard, Ryan’s Sunday school teacher, encourages her to keep going, but Ryan walks out of the church. She goes to her Sunday school classroom knowing that it will be empty. She sits down in the empty room and cries until her mother arrives and reminds her that “It’s okay. At least you tried” (67). Ryan begs her mother not to make her go back into the church, but her mother says that it is important for her to support everyone else giving speeches. Ryan says that she does not want to go because everyone laughed at her, and her mother reminds her to be a leader and to live up to her name.

The chapter ends with Ryan deciding to recite her speech in the car ride home with just her family. She recites the speech perfectly, explaining all that Easter means to her, including “a brand-new day to try again, to lend a hand, Easter reminds us to put others first, to be the best that we can be” (70).

Chapter 10 Summary: “How to Make a Home”

When they arrive home from church, Ryan helps her mother finish preparations for their Easter dinner. The Harts are hosting twelve people for dinner, and they crowd around the table in the tiny dining room to pray. Ryan’s mother thanks Ryan for her help preparing the meal, and for making the carrot cake for dessert almost entirely on her own.

When everyone finishes their cake, the kids begin hunting for Easter eggs. Ryan finds four eggs before she accidentally steps on an egg, crushing it. By the time she picks up all the tiny shells and egg pieces, the race is over, and Amanda has won. Amanda shares her prize–an Easter basket full of treats– with Ryan and KiKi. After the guests leave, Ryan thinks about what a fun day she had with her family and friends. She realizes that her mother is right: “Without love, all you have is a house” (76) and that it is the people that make a place home.

Chapter 11 Summary: “Water”

All week, Ryan wears a shower cap in the bath to keep her hair dry and pressed. On Friday, as she finishes packing for Amanda’s birthday sleepover, her mother reminds her that even though the invitation says to bring a bathing suit, Ryan may not swim because of her hair.

Ryan arrives at Amanda’s house and meets Amanda’s friends from her new school. The girls have fun playing video games and eating pizza, but Ryan notices that Amanda’s friend Red always finds something to be frustrated about. When Red complains that Ryan gets a bigger slice of birthday cake than her, Ryan secretly slides an even smaller piece closer to Red so that “now she really does have the worst slice that was cut” (81). Red asks Amanda if Ryan is her best friend and proclaims that Ryan cannot be Amanda’s best friend because Red lives across the street and spends more time with Amanda than Ryan does.

Red continues to bother Ryan when the girls get ready for the pool. She asks Ryan why she will not get in the pool and begins a competition to decide who Amanda’s best friend is by seeing who can hold their breath the longest underwater. Ryan decides “I am not going to let some girl named after a color in the rainbow tell me I am not Amanda’s best friend” (84), so she ties up her hair, puts on the shower cap, and gets into the pool.

Ryan wins the competition and begins celebrating that “I am Amanda’s best friend. I will always be Amanda’s best friend” (85) until she realizes that the shower cap and tie are gone, and her hair is no longer straight. Red says that Ryan’s hair looks like “it got electrocuted!” (87) and Ryan grabs her things and runs to the bathroom crying. Amanda joins Ryan in the bathroom and Ryan remembers Grandma’s words about what beauty is. Ryan reflects on her behavior, thinking that perhaps she “acted ugly” (88) today in response to Red’s teasing.

Red comes to the door and tells Amanda to come out of the bathroom and leave Ryan behind. Red asks Amanda why she is even friends with Ryan, and Amanda responds that “We just are” (88). Ryan is happy to hear this and knows that it means she and Amanda will always be friends no matter what. Ryan pulls her hair into an afro puff and decides that she likes the way her hair looks.

Chapters 8-11 Analysis

Ryan’s grandmother offers advice to Ryan in Chapter 8 that shapes the way she thinks about herself and her actions. Before the Easter Sunday church service, Grandma presses Ryan’s hair straight with a hot comb. When Ryan sees her hair, she says that she thinks she looks more beautiful with straight hair as opposed to her usual Afro puffs. This upsets Grandma, who tells her: “Baby girl, you are beautiful. Not just your hair or your clothes. But who you are. Your kindness makes you beautiful and the way you’re always willing to offer help makes you beautiful” (59). Grandma encourages Ryan to not only see her physical beauty, but to understand that beauty goes beyond skin-deep.

There is a racialized component to their conversation, which Grandma alludes to in stating: “Child there is no mistaking it. You are a Black girl and you have Black hair” (56). In encouraging Ryan to see her beauty, she is telling her to not allow white beauty standards affect her perception of herself. Grandma reminds her: “How you wear your hair is your choice and no matter what you choose, it’s not going to determine if you’re beautiful or not. The only thing that will determine that is how you treat others. If you are mean to people, if you act ugly toward them, that’s what takes your beauty away” (59-60). Grandma’s quote illustrates the importance of Ryan understanding that her Black hair is beautiful regardless of how she wears it, and that how she wears it is her own choice, especially in a world that continues to grapple with unlearning white standards of beauty that are often racist towards Black women’s hair.

Ryan recalls Grandma’s lessons later on in this section when she comes into conflict with Red, another girl at Amanda’s birthday party. Red is jealous of Ryan and Amanda’s friendship and goes out of her way to put Ryan down. Ryan gives in when Red challenges her to a breath-holding competition, after which Ryan’s hair gets wet and ruins the press. Ryan is at first embarrassed but remembers Grandma’s lesson: “I stare at my tangled hair and try to remember what grandma said about beauty. I think maybe I acted ugly today–wanting to prove Amanda was my best friend, swapping Red’s cake, and wanting to show off” (88). Ryan acknowledges that her actions did not live up to Grandma’s lessons about inner beauty when she gave in to Red’s taunts and teasing.

Although Ryan acknowledges that her actions were not entirely “beautiful,” her actions to lead her to embrace Grandma’s lesson about accepting her beauty as is. In the bathroom after her hair has gone back to its natural Afro state, Ryan reflects: “I don’t wait for a compliment from Amanda. I like the way my hair looks. And this way, I don’t have to worry about water–the shower, the rain, or the pool. I like the way my hair looks like one massive storm cloud, how if I stretch it, it boings back into place” (89). Ryan learns to accept her hair as it is and to like it, showing growth from her earlier belief that she was “more beautiful” with straight hair.

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