67 pages • 2 hours read
Hernan DiazA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Summary
Background
Chapter Summaries & Analyses
Character Analysis
Themes
Symbols & Motifs
Important Quotes
Essay Topics
Book Club Questions
In her marriage to Rask, Helen finds the freedom she longed for under her parents. She and Rask share a courteous yet distant intellectual disposition, making for a harmonious, though dispassionate, marriage. Helen’s personality befits her new social status—while people previously saw her silence as arrogance, they now see it as stately remove. Rask continues to trade with a prescience and skill that awes Wall Street.
After World War I ends, Helen learns that her father disappeared from the psychiatric hospital shortly after he arrived years prior. Rask has investigators search Europe for Leopold, to no avail. Helen is devastated. Meanwhile, Catherine holds countless parties, all billed to Rask. Helen sees an ulterior motive in these celebrations, “a festive sort of aggression directed straight at Helen both as a dare and as a lesson—‘This is the life you should be living’” (63). Instead of becoming a socialite, Helen throws herself into the intellectual world of the arts, becoming a patron to many emerging artists.
Helen’s greatest passion is funding research of mental illness. Rask owns a stake in a German company pioneering psychiatric research, Haber Pharmaceuticals. Helen and Rask bond over this shared interest, admiring each other’s ability to quickly learn to read technical psychiatric papers. They also develop a shared interest in chamber music and begin hosting exclusive recitals, during which they experience a rare approximation of intimacy: “[O]n these occasions, they could be together, in silence, sharing emotions for which they were not responsible and which did not refer directly to the two of them” (66).
Rask profits immensely from the crash of 1929. Anticipating the crash, he liquidates his positions, buys gold, and shorts the market. The media accuse Rask of rigging the crash: In the preceding boom years, Rask created attractive loans for working people eager to share in the economy’s prosperity. At the same time, millions of first-time investors began trading on margin—buying stocks with borrowed money while using those same stocks as collateral. This inflated a giant bubble of speculation. Wall Street deifies Rask in large part because of the apparent omniscience of his trades: Without current information from the stock ticker—which fell hours behind reality during large buy-and-sell orders—Rask was still able to make profitable trades.
Though Rask becomes a god in finance, he becomes a pariah in society, costing Helen her friendships in the art world. Helen—racked by guilt over her husband’s role in the crisis—throws herself into philanthropy aimed at helping those hit hardest by the crash. In contrast, Rask is unmoved by the Depression and sees the crash as a healthy correction to the market.
Helen’s mental health begins to deteriorate, which she hides from Rask. She worries she has the same mental illness that destroyed her father. Like her father, she begins keeping extensive journals of her increasingly obsessive, ingrown thoughts. After Helen locks herself in her room and stops eating, Rask notices her condition and intervenes. He finds her covered in eczema, bleeding from her incessant scratching. He calls Catherine, who hasn’t talked to Helen in a year. The tragedy of her daughter’s illness excites the histrionic Catherine, who rushes over to see her. Helen stands in her room waiting with a note directing Catherine to take her to the psychiatric hospital in Bad Pfäfers: “I smelled your scent. I heard your strut. Medico-Mechanic Institute. You shall deposit me in Switzerland” (89).
Rask is surprised to find from his research that the Medico-Mechanic Institute is likely the best place for Helen. Rask forces the director of the psychiatric hospital, Dr. Frahm, into reserving and renovating an entire wing for Helen. Rask avoids the pain of losing his wife to her illness by throwing himself into the preparations at the Institute. Vanner also describes Rask’s resentment of his wife’s condition: “[Rask] was jealous of the illness, which demanded and got all her attention and energy—and he was ashamed to admit that he was angry at Helen for doing everything her dark master commanded” (96).
Rask is out of his element in Bad Pfäfers, where he is both a foreigner and useless, outside the reach of the telephone lines that would allow him to continue working. He feels belittled by Dr. Frahm, who refuses to explain his unconventional treatment and takes most of Helen’s time. This treatment of rigorous physical exercise, impromptu talk therapy, and journaling yields improvement: Helen’s eczema heals, she becomes calmer, and she regains lucidity. When Rask visits Helen for the two hours allowed every day, he’s hurt to see that she’s much warmer with the staff and Dr. Frahm than with him.
After two months in Bad Pfäfers, Rask secretly prepares to return to New York and to transfer Helen into the care of doctors from Haber Pharmaceuticals in Berlin. Rask knows Helen and Dr. Frahm will oppose his plans. Days before Rask’s departure, Helen disappears. Rask blames the psychiatric hospital’s staff for accidentally tipping Helen off to his plans. Dr. Frahm and Rask organize a widespread search and find eventually find Helen, who has regressed to a state of mental and physical anguish.
Following Helen’s capture, Rask takes charge of her care, sealing off her wing from the rest of the institute: “There would be no further treatments based on superstitions and unquantifiable guesswork […] there would be nothing that did not make sense to him, nothing that eluded his authority” (109). Despite her violent protests, Rask keeps Helen under heavy sedation until the doctors he orders from Haber Pharmaceuticals arrive.
In contrast to Dr. Frahm, Dr. Aftus—the head doctor Haber sends—makes himself available to Rask at all times. To Rask’s relief, Dr. Aftus provides extensive quantitative research supporting the efficacy of his proposed treatment—chemical convulsive therapy. Dr. Aftus says the first treatment goes well; however, Rask finds Helen destroyed: “Her face was a desolate ruin. A thing broken and abandoned, exhausted of being” (115). Nevertheless, he maintains his faith in Dr. Aftus, and following the second treatment Helen seems improved. Believing that she’ll soon be cured, Rask begins organizing their return to New York and his acquisition of Haber Pharmaceuticals.
The third treatment kills Helen. Dr. Aftus explains that statistics aren’t always right. Rask finds Helen’s body twisted with pain, her collarbone broken from the induced convulsions.
In the years following Helen’s death, Rask loses his touch, and his once spectacular profits become marginal. He maintains Helen’s charities and preserves her rooms in the house. He discovers that the only difference between marriage and widowhood is that the distance between him and Helen is now absolute. He returns to the solitary, dispassionate life he led as a bachelor, convinced that he made a sincere attempt at living a life outside of investing.
Rask’s facility with investment is portrayed as near godlike. Money sets the terms of morality in his world—the logic of the market dictates what should and should not be; it, not a god, is the ultimate source of judgment. This portrayal is most explicit in the description of Rask’s growing reputation from his string of infallible trades: “Rask’s accuracy and his systematic approach […] was an example of the most rigorous mathematical elegance—of an impersonal form of beauty. His colleagues thought him prescient, a sage with supernatural talents” (63). The word choices here—“prescient,” “sage,” “supernatural”—endow Rask with a divine aura. The “impersonal beauty” of his algorithms also connotes divinity as something that transcends the merely human, something apart from humanity. Money is god, and Rask is its prophet, the only person with the window into its inner workings that allows him to capitalize in a way no one else can.
The supernatural quality of the stock market also ties in to the themes of money and morality and fate versus free will. The boom of the 1920s and the crash of 1929 are both the result of human behavior, and yet both Rask and the millions of speculators that together inflated the bubble that burst in 1929 see the crash as more of a natural disaster than a consequence of their actions: “Most of us prefer to believe we are the active subjects of our victories but only the passive objects of our defeats. We triumph, but it is not really we who fail—we are ruined by forces beyond our control” (72). Rask has an outsize influence in inflating the bubble, yet he dodges responsibility for the economic hardship that results, seeing the crash as a necessary correction to restore natural order.
Rask’s callousness to the hardship people experience in the Great Depression contrasts with Helen’s overwhelming guilt over her husband’s role in the crash. While Rask feels nothing, Helen is overwhelmed by feelings of guilt; it’s as if she takes the burden of responsibility that he shirks. As Rask profits from disaster, Helen suffers the (not-so) hidden cost of his success in a zero-sum game of money and morality: “With perverse symmetry, as Benjamin rose to new heights, Helen’s condition declined” (84). In Helen’s decline, Rask suffers the hardship of the Great Depression from which his wealth otherwise insulates him.
Mutual loneliness defines the Rasks’ marriage. Rask retreats into himself, away from the fear of losing the fulfillment he feels in his relationship with Helen. This tragically begets the very loss he fears: “[A]s the weight of all [their] questions and concerns bends them inward, their newfound joy in companionship turns into a deeper expression of the solitude they thought they had left behind” (57). This withdrawal becomes infectious, spreading to Helen.
After Rask’s role in the crash ostracizes Helen from the friends in whom she found the companionship she wanted for in her marriage, she devolves into a mental-health crisis that is both an expression of her loneliness and a relentless compulsion to self-analyze the illness. Helen’s incessant journaling establishes it as a motif, connecting it to her father’s habit of recording all his thoughts as he became increasingly obsessed with occultism. Her journaling is an exercise in self-reference, an attempt to maintain her bearings within her mind and record her present self for her future self, thus saving it from the oblivion her illness threatens.