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55 pages 1 hour read

Ruthanne Lum McCunn

Thousand Pieces of Gold

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 1981

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Parts 2-3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2: “1872” - Part 3: “1875”

Part 2, Chapter 10 Summary

A picture of a young woman looking through a barred window precedes this chapter.

Lalu waits to go through Customs in San Francisco. She reflects on the fact that she’s heard people talk about gold all throughout her journey, which reminds her that her father always called her his qianjin. Li Ma, the woman bringing her to the auction house, has instructed her to pretend to be a merchant’s wife. She tells Lalu if she fails to get through customs, she will go to prison, but if she succeeds, she will be able to eventually go back to China.

When Lalu steps in front of the customs officer, she is shocked at the white man because she has never stood that close to a white man before. Li Ma encourages her to give the man her papers, but Lalu is confused and unable to do so. Li Ma gives the man and his Chinese interpreter Lalu’s forged paperwork. As she passes the papers to the interpreter, she slips him some gold. The customs officer allows Lalu to enter the country.

While Lalu and Li Ma head into the city, some white boys throw stones at them. Lalu instinctively throws a stone back at the boys, which outrages Li Ma because she’s worried the police will come to arrest them. She reminds Lalu that she is now “in a demon land” (64) and is not protected by the laws.

Soon the women arrive in Chinatown, and Li Ma leaves Lalu as she goes down into a basement. A woman is sorting the women and girls into two lines: those with papers (who will be sold into sex trafficking) and those without (who will be sold or bought for marriage). Because she still holds her forged customs papers, Lalu tries to stand with the women with papers, but she is moved. Many of the women with papers did not realize what their papers said, and they are outraged to find out.

The woman instructs the women and girls onto a platform and explains that they will stand there tomorrow for the auction. Men will come to look at them and then give them money, which they will then turn over to the woman. She then encourages them to bathe because they will be naked for the auction. As Lalu washes herself, she realizes she was lied to by Li Ma, and she will never be free. Another girl nudges Lalu and tells her she’s one of the lucky ones and that she must let her mind drift off to survive.

Part 2, Chapter 11 Summary

As Lalu stands on the auction block the next day, she feels someone put gold coins in her hand. She realizes she has not been purchased as a wife. A woman takes her to a ship to take her to a Chinese man in Portland. Jim is a packer who works for Hong King, a saloon owner who paid him to go fetch an enslaved person. Jim is nice to Lalu, but she rarely responds to him.

After nine days, they arrive in Lewiston. Jim explains how the town is similar to Warrens. He tells her about Hong King’s saloon and explains that Hong King bought her to bring in more customers since there are no Chinese women in the town. Lalu is disgusted by the saloons she sees and worries that she will be expected to dress provocatively like the women she sees working in the saloons. Suddenly, Lalu kicks her mule and runs off, but realizes she has nowhere to go. Ashamed, she waits for Jim to catch up with her. She thinks about how scary the “demons” around her are, realizing she has no protection from them.

Jim eventually catches up with her, and the two stop to eat dinner. Jim apologizes for scaring her with information about the saloons but explains that he wants her to be able to confront her future. Jim tells her that he was once enslaved, but he bought his life back and that she will soon do that, too.

Part 2, Chapter 12 Summary

As Jim and Lalu make their way to Warrens, he teaches her English words that will help her work in Hong King’s saloon. Additionally, they exchange stories about their childhoods in China. Lalu is angry that she has been bought by Hong King, but Jim assures her that Hong King will not hurt her because he needs her for business. Lalu wishes Jim could buy her from Hong King but realizes he doesn’t have enough money to at the moment.

When the two arrive in Warrens, Jim points out Hong King’s saloon, and Lalu is surprised he won’t take her directly there. He promises that he will come to the saloon that night to see her. Before he leaves her, he reminds her that she always has a friend in him.

When Lalu arrives at Hong King’s saloon, she is pulled off her horse by a white man who calls her “Polly.” She tries to fight back and explain that her name is Lalu, but Hong King appears and tells her that her new name is Polly. Hong King tells the hungry crowd of white men to come see Polly that night at the saloon, but that he intends to have sex with her before them. He then sexually assaults Polly for the first time.

Part 2, Chapter 13 Summary

Hong King pays one of the women who works in his saloon to dress Lalu for her first night working. The woman tries to give her a gun, which the “hurdy gurdy” girls use to protect themselves from having to have sex with the customers. When the woman leaves, Lalu changes her shoes and takes off her makeup.

When Lalu goes into the saloon, she is immediately swarmed by customers who grope at her and call her names. She demands they leave her alone, but Hong Kong forces her to interact with them. She sees Jim in the crowd and looks away embarrassed. The male customers continue to pick her up until a man named Charlie comes in and tells them to stop. Charlie offers to buy everyone drinks and takes Lalu to the back room while everyone is distracted. Jim is waiting for her there.

Charlie leaves to go to his saloon, which is next door. Before he leaves, he tells Jim to tell her that if the male customers ever treat her like they did that night again, she can always come next door to get him. Jim explains that, because he is Chinese, he couldn’t defend Lalu like Charlie did, which is why he went to go get his friend. He encourages Lalu to trust Charlie, even though he is white.

Part 2, Chapter 14 Summary

Five months into living in Warrens, Lalu sweeps up at the end of the night. She finds a small nugget of gold and hides it away, hoping to use it to eventually buy her freedom. Jim arrives, and Lalu tells him about how she takes the gold she sees and views it as “mining” Hong King. She doesn’t feel bad about this because Hong King has significantly more business now that she works in the saloon. Jim asks if Lalu plans to return home when she buys her freedom and then reminds her that her family will be different and older when she gets back to them. He tells her that he knows family is important to her, but she is “dead” to them. It is then revealed that Lalu has sent her family letters, but they have never responded. She believes the letters are lost and is unable to accept that her father chose to sell her instead of being forced to do it. Jim becomes angry at her resistance to see her family’s betrayal.

Jim announces that because of the upcoming winter, he will not be able to visit for several months, but that Charlie will look after her. Not wanting to end their visit on a sour note, Lalu admits that she knows her family will never write back.

Soon, Lalu learns that Jim has died after falling off a steep hill. As she mourns him at his grave, Charlie comes to play music, causing Lalu to cry. Charlie hugs her, and Lalu mourns both Jim and herself.

Part 3, Chapter 15 Summary

A picture of a mining town precedes this chapter.

Polly cleans the saloon in the middle of the night because she is upset that a Black man revealed to her that she is not an enslaved person because of emancipation. She is furious that she learns this information from a stranger instead of Charlie. Charlie soon comes looking for her, and she confronts him. He explains that she doesn’t have the same rights as Black people and that there are laws that forbid having enslaved people, but those laws ultimately just raised the price of having an enslaved person. Charlie admits to not understanding how those laws work. He explains that Polly can’t go to the court system because she may get deported. Polly considers returning to China but realizes she doesn’t want to because she would have to get married.

Charlie then explains that Black people had terrible lives when they were enslaved, and Polly’s life is much better than theirs was. She is furious that he would say something like that and tells him that she deserves to be free, too. Charlie tells her that freedom isn’t possible for her, since both he and Jim tried to buy her from Hong King, and Hong King refused to sell her. Polly wonders why Jim never told her, and Charlie says that he wanted her to still have hope that her situation could improve.

Part 3, Chapter 16 Summary

Polly and Charlie spend most of the night talking, but little has changed. Polly thinks back on Hong King’s life and history of gambling. She realizes that his biggest gamble has been on her, and she has made him very rich. As a result, he doesn’t want to give her up or grant her freedom. Realizing she will never be truly free from Hong King, she takes Charlie’s Winchester out into the woods while he sleeps.

Polly does not know how to shoot, so she must teach herself how to use the Winchester. She decides she will practice on a fool hen, which does not get scared and flies away from danger. She finds a fool hen and tries to shoot it, but misses. In the process, she realizes that Hong King is not a bird but instead an old man who will die sooner than later, granting her freedom. However, she then remembers that Hong King is not only an old man, but her enslaver. She raises her rifle again and kills the fool hen and swears that Hong King will die next.

Part 3, Chapter 17 Summary

Polly decides to kill Hong King at night when he comes to collect the night’s earnings because no one will be around to see it. However, when she enters the saloon that night, she sees men crowded around the gambling table. Charlie and Hong King are playing against each other.

Polly is upset that Hong King is already at the saloon and tries to signal to Charlie that he needs to leave so she can carry out her plan to kill Hong King. She tries to distract the men by ordering drinks, but everyone ignores her to focus on the card game. As the game continues, Hong King bets more and more. He asks Polly to bring him the night’s earnings and then offers to give Charlie the saloon’s lease. Charlie says he already has a saloon and tells him to bet Polly. Hong King agrees, the men flip over their cards, and Charlie wins the game.

Part 3, Chapter 18 Summary

Polly returns with Charlie to his cabin, and he is surprised that she is not thanking him for freeing her. She is angry that he took away her ability to free herself, and he believes that he was doing something kind for her. Polly explains that she wanted to kill Hong King, but Charlie says that Hong King will have to leave town, making him practically dead. He tells Polly that she is free.

As Polly looks around the cabin, she notices the kind ways Charlie has altered his home to make it better for her. She realizes he is extremely thoughtful and tells him she wants to be her own person and have her own boarding house. He tells her that she can’t own property because she is Chinese. Charlie offers to buy her a house and let her pay for it and for the first time, Polly feels free.

Parts 2-3 Analysis

The recurring motif of gold appears again in this part of the book, this time highlighting the theme of The Shortcomings of the American Dream. As Polly makes her way to the United States, she is hopeful of the economic prosperity she could bring back home to her family. However, her American Dream is quickly dashed, forcing her to see her true reality:

She had been duped […] For the Gold Mountains they had described was not the America she would know. This: the dingy basement room, the blank faces of women and girls stripped of hope, the splintered boards beneath her feet, the auction block. This was her America (68).

Polly’s experience at the auction block haunts her and fuels her desire for independence. When Charlie wins her freedom from Hong King, Polly is unable to be grateful because it reminds her too much of the trauma she experienced in San Francisco: “The men around them gasped, but Polly, burning with the same anger and shame she had felt on the auction block, barely heard them” (105). This former experience at the auction block reflects the fact that Polly will experience constant racism and discrimination, and Charlie—and other white people in her life—will struggle to fully understand the harm of those encounters.

Polly undergoes a name change in this section of the book, shedding her Chinese name, Lalu, for the Americanized Polly. This is not her choice, and she is named by a random miner: “‘A slave does not choose her own name,’ he snapped in Chinese. ‘From now on you are Polly. Is that understood’” (78). While most of the white men and Hong King call her Polly, Jim, her closest confidant, calls her Lalu. Additionally, within the narration, McCunn calls her Lalu. However, when Jim dies, McCunn switches to calling her Polly. This highlights the fact that, for Polly, her former life and the optimism she had for it died with Jim, leading her to mourn “For Jim. And for Lalu. Both dead forever in a strange land” (90). Polly has experienced a series of tragic and abusive experiences that directly followed her enslavement. The Burden and Pain of Family Betrayal, thus, follows her to this moment where she mourns Lalu, her former self who felt security and familial love. Jim was the closest she had to family in the United States, and his loss builds upon her tragic sense of disconnection and isolation in the US.

After Jim’s passing, Charlie initially appears to be Polly’s hero. However, it’s clear that Polly doesn’t want to rely on a man to be her hero, as she sees it as another way to be enslaved: “All my life I belong someone. My father, the bandits, Hong King. And I promise myself when I free of Hong King, I belong no man, only myself” (108). As a result, Charlie supports Polly as she subverts Gender Expectations and the Quest for Agency, even going so far as to build a boarding house that Polly can run on her own, which will give her the independence she wants. This generosity introduces the recurring motif of real estate and shows how property allows Polly to feel a sense of belonging. When Charlie offers to build her the boarding house, she feels free for the first time:

She laughed, a joyous peal clear as ringing bells. Hearing it, Charlie’s smile grew stronger, deepening into laughter that became one with Polly’s. And suddenly, within the circle of their laughter, she felt finally, wonderfully free (111).

The boarding house provides Polly with a way to support herself and find her place in Warrens following her freedom from Hong King.

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