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50 pages 1 hour read

John Lanchester

The Wall

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2019

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Part 2Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2: “The Others”

Part 2, Chapter 13 Summary

Back at the Wall, the Defenders resume their monotonous routine. Joseph begins to believe that he could become an elite. He could serve more tours like the Captain, go to college, and rise in status. The elite need new blood like him, so there is no reason he can’t have a future as one of them. The Captain brings him down to earth by reminding the Defenders they should be wary: More desperate Others will result in more ferocious attacks. One night, a group of Others attacks their post. Several of the Defenders die, and both Hifa and Joseph are wounded during the successful effort to repel the Others.

When Hifa and Joseph try to discuss the attack, Joseph makes a joke about one of the dead Defenders. He realizes instantly that what he wanted was to comfort Hifa, not make jokes. Joseph wants to talk about his fear and sadness over the death of their peers, but he can’t figure out how to have that conversation. Hifa tells him that she wants to get off of the Wall. She asks if he is willing to become a Breeder with him.

Part 2, Chapter 14 Summary

Although breeding seems like the wrong choice given the state of the world, Joseph agrees to it because he likes Hifa and because becoming a Breeder comes with privileges. Breeders get some say in where they are posted, get better quarters, shorter shifts, and more privacy. The best part of breeding with Hifa is how close he feels to her, something he has never felt before, including on the Wall.

James comes around again to award the survivors of the Other attack with medals. Joseph feels like the medal is a sign that Joseph’s ambitions to become an elite are not so farfetched. That night, Joseph drinks and has just his second taste of wine, a rarity reserved for the elite since the Change. Joseph feels proud of himself. New recruits integrate into the company to replace the dead Defenders.

Part 2, Chapter 15 Summary

On their next leave, Hifa and Joseph visit Hifa’s mother in Hifa’s rural hometown. Hifa’s mother is a painter and a difficult woman who always finds a way to center herself in the conversation. When she welcomes Hifa and Joseph, she congratulations them on what she sees as love, but warns them that love frequently ends in tragedy, as she knows from personal experience—Hifa’s father abandoned the family abruptly when Hifa was a child.

The visit is a hard, emotional one for Hifa, but Joseph bonds more closely with her and supports. Life at the home of Hifa’s mother is easy. Hifa’s mother has Help, a luxury she can afford because of maintenance payments Hifa’s father continues to make even though Hifa is an adult. Hifa and her mother have the same tension in their relationship as Joseph and his parents have over who is responsible for the sorry state of the world. When the visit ends, Hifa’s mother makes sure she is the center of attention. She promises to paint a picture of Joseph’s spirit animal—a goat—because she sees Joseph as a “resourceful animal” who can subsist on “scraps.” Joseph notes this was their last visit, foreshadowing difficulties ahead for the young couple.

Part 2, Chapter 16 Summary

The reconstituted company moves to the northern portion of the Wall. Although old Defenders claim “[t]he Wall has no accent” (143), meaning that serving is the same no matter where you are, things are different in the North. The light is different, and people feel more at ease because they know Others rarely make it far enough north to mount an attack against the Wall. The captain warns them not to get complacent. James shows up again to give a speech to the company and repeats his warning about collaborators. He gives Joseph his business card, which Joseph takes as a sign that James sees his ambition and approves of it.

Several weeks into the tour, the Others use elements of the training exercise, including cutting the power before attack, to attack the Wall. A large group of well-organized Others get over the Wall. They escape using cars that citizens secured for them. During the attack, Hifa, Joseph, and one of their officers are pinned down by gunfire. They are relieved when the Captain turns up. However, the Captain had orchestrated the attack, plotting for a decade to help the Others traverse the Wall, which we will learn in Chapter 19. Here, he turns his gun on Joseph and Hifa, and Joseph stabs the Captain in the back with his bayonet.

Part 2, Chapter 17 Summary

A total of 15 or 16 Others made it over the Wall, so the same number of Defenders will face expulsion. After arrest and several weeks of interrogation, Joseph, Hifa, Hughes, and members of nearby companies are found guilty. The attack and the number of Others who traversed the Wall are unprecedented, so Joseph initially holds out hope that they will be given mercy. He turns out to be wrong. He and the others are to be put out to sea.

Part 2 Analysis

Lanchester further explores the psychological impact of the Wall by zeroing in on how the Wall has impoverished the ability to feel empathy and share authentic emotions.

Hifa and Joseph’s relationship is one of the places where this shows up most vividly. Instead of being able to comfort Hifa after the first attack, Joseph jokes crudely about a dead defender. He realizes that his service on the Wall has made him callous about death, which gets in the way of being vulnerable enough to be a good friend or lover. Joseph’s epiphany is that this attitude is a “wall in its own” (125).

The conversation the two have about Breeding further illustrates how the Wall distorts human relations and ethics. When Hifa and Joseph decide to have a child, they do so because society has made procreation transactional: Have children, and you can spend less time on the Wall. Joseph knows there is something fundamentally unethical about bringing more children into “the broken world” (126), but he does so anyway because the benefits are too good to pass up.

Lanchester introduces Hifa’s mother and absent father to show that the transactional nature of marriage predates the Change. Hifa’s mother relies on support payments that afford her a lifestyle that would be unattainable otherwise; she is the beneficiary of both the broken world and her broken marriage. Everyone involved knows there is something unseemly about marriage and childbearing as transactions. Lanchester relies on irony to make that point: As much as Joseph and Hifa roll their eyes at the antics of Hifa’s mother, Joseph is indeed a goat as Hifa’s mother says, and the benefits of Breeding are the scraps he will get instead of love.

A series of betrayals finally force Joseph to pay the cost of accepting what the Wall has done to love and community. The biggest betrayal is that of the Captain, whose desperation on behalf of the Others has led him to carry out the charade that he is an exemplary Other for 10 years, all of his time on the Wall. The betrayal becomes obvious to Joseph only when the Captain turns his gun on Joseph and Hifa, and Joseph quite literally stabs the Captain in the back to avoid dealing with the revenge of the Others. The Captain was one of the few older adults and male figures Joseph respected, and the Captain’s betrayal shakes Joseph’s self-identity as a Defender and beneficiary of the Wall. Being sentenced to exile beyond the Wall feels like a betrayal to Joseph, but as he realized early on, the decision-making required to defend the Wall allows no nuance: If you allow Others over the Wall, you become an Other.

Lanchester paints Joseph as slow to realize how dystopian his society is. Up until the second attack, Joseph was complicit in the unethical treatment of Others because he was pragmatic and stood to benefit from his role in defending the Wall. The sentencing is just the first step in becoming the object of the Othering. Alternatives to such complicity appear, but they appear out of sight. The citizens who helped the Captain and the Others go over the Wall represent one response to unethical behavior that society has normalized. The success of this attack exposes the argument that the Wall is a pragmatic response to scarcity as a sham. No matter how many resources go into its making and defense, no wall is capable of keeping people out forever.

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