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107 pages 3 hours read

Ken Liu

The Paper Menagerie and Other Stories

Fiction | Short Story Collection | Adult | Published in 2016

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Story 2Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Story 2 Summary: “State Change”

In this story, the characters’ souls are outside their bodies in various forms. Rina, the protagonist, has an ice cube soul and, to keep her soul intact, she has two refrigerators in the kitchen, one in the living room, one in the bedroom, one in the hallway, and a cooler in the bathroom. She finds that “the bass chorus of all the motors, a low, confident hum” (10) makes her feel secure. She has pictures of glaciers and icebergs on her walls, along with a picture of her college roommate, Amy.

Amy has a pack of cigarettes as her soul, and it was half empty by the time she met Rina. When they lived together, Amy took Rina to a bar. Amy asked the bartender to keep the ice cube safe, but Rina was too worried to have fun. Amy smoked one of her cigarettes and told a boy that if he made Rina laugh before she finished it, they’d both go home with him. She said, “All life is an experiment” (20).

At Rina’s birth, the nurse almost missed the soul/afterbirth. They rushed in an emergency refrigeration unit, but Rina’s mother wondered how long they could keep the ice cube from melting.

Rina works downtown in a cubicle, near the printers. She is quiet, never looks up, and there is a chill in the air around her. Her coworkers don’t know her name. She brings her ice cube to work in an insulated lunch bag and keeps it in a freezer under the desk. At night, she reads biographies. She tries not to think that life is unfair.

A new coworker, Jimmy Kesnow, moves into the office down the hall from Rina’s. He is “the most comfortable person Rina had ever seen” (16). He belongs everywhere, and people like him. Girls like him, too. Rina knows he is going places and thinks his soul is probably a silver spoon. He asks Rina her name, and comments that now he knows something no one else does. He tells Rina that she reads a lot and remarks that her eyes are an interesting color: “It’s like the sea, but through a layer of ice” (19). He sees she is reading Catallus and asks her what her favorite poem is. She finds she can’t reply, and someone calls him away.

Soon, Rina learns that Jimmy is moving to an office upstairs. She shops, has her nails done, and goes to him on a Wednesday after lunch. She takes her ice cube, and everywhere she walks there is a chill. She puts the ice cube in a glass outside Jimmy’s office and enters, closing the door behind her. She recites her favorite Catallus poem, and Jimmy finishes it in Latin. There is a saltshaker on his desk—his soul. She echoes Amy’s sentiment: “All life is an experiment” (23) and takes off her clothes in front of him. When she leaves the office, her ice cube has melted completely. She walks back into his office to die: “It would be hard to freeze salty water” (23).

The story ends with a letter from Amy, who says her last cigarette was gone six months ago, but she is still alive. At a beach party, someone pawed through her purse and smoked the last one, but she didn’t die. It turns out, her soul then became encapsulated not in the cigarettes, but the cigarette box, and now she feels “open, careless, adaptable” (25). Now, she has undergone a state change. She thinks Rina is ready for one too.

The story notes several historical figures and what their souls were, according to their memoirs or biographies. T.S. Eliot’s soul was a tin of coffee, Joan of Arc’s was a beech branch from a tree near her village, and Cicero’s was a pebble, as he practiced speaking with the pebble in his mouth to become a great orator.

Additionally, Rina is reading a book of letters concerning Edna St. Vincent Millay. In the book, a letter from a woman named Elaine describes how Vincent, whose soul is a candle, wrote her a poem and then asked never to see her again. Elaine, whose soul is a feather, is heartbroken. 

Story 2 Analysis

Originally published in the collection Polyphony 4 from 2004, Liu wrote this story in 24 hours for a writing workshop. The prompt was a half-finished glass of soda with melting ice cubes in it. The story takes place in an alternate reality, within a subgenre called “magical realism,” like many of Liu’s works. The concept is that human souls become manifest at birth in an everyday object. The object reflects a person’s personality—or perhaps, it influences it. Additionally, the type of object has an impact on the length and quality of life. Should something happen to the soul, death occurs. Some people are lucky to have long-lasting, hardy souls. Others have consumable souls and living normal lives can shorten them.

The protagonist, Rina, is especially unlucky. Her soul is an ice cube. Because of it, her life is, in a way, frozen. She lives in fear that something will happen to her soul, killing her. She doesn’t stray too far from her soul, which keeps her from experiencing many things like nights out at a club or socializing at the office. Her world is cold, even lifeless. She is the quintessential “Ice Queen,” who defrosts in the face of a romantic encounter, a trope that Liu seems to be turning on its head. Defrosting in this instance could lead to death, not a love life.

When meeting Jimmy, Rina decides to heed Amy’s mantra: “Life is an experiment.” The potential relationship with Jimmy makes her want to live for real. She is well aware of the consequences of her actions, but her life is somewhat bleak, thanks to her frozen soul. By going to Jimmy and leaving her ice cube, she is taking steps to change her life by creating a “state change.” She is no longer allowing the ice cube to dictate her interactions.

When Rina realizes that Jimmy’s soul is salt, it makes sense to her. Salt makes bland food palatable; it makes plain things better. Likewise, salt resists freezing. After she’s been intimate with Jimmy and finds her glass full of water, Rina notes that she feels warm and free and that it would be difficult to freeze saltwater. The latter comment suggests that she and Jimmy’s souls have connected. This is a statement on the necessity of changing oneself, though it can sometimes be a frightening process. Supporting this theory is Amy’s letter, which notes that a soul can change without resulting in death.

Amy serves as a foil for Rina. While her soul is in a similarly precarious state, Amy lives her life recklessly, smoking away her soul one cigarette at a time. That her soul is a cigarette box is an indication of her recklessness and her carelessness for her health. Amy isn’t willing to give up what she wants in favor of what she needs. Like Amy, a smoker takes the risk that his cigarettes will end his life.

Liu alludes to several famous works in the story, including T.S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” in which Prufrock measures his life in coffee spoons; and Edna St. Vincent Millay’s “First Fig,” in which she notes: “My candle burns at both ends.” Each writer’s soul object is present in the allusion

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