26 pages • 52 minutes read
Edith WhartonA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Wharton satirizes the elite society of this story, which mirrored the society that Wharton lived in and knew so well. She satirizes the obsessive focus on respectability, focusing especially on how women must make respectable matches. Her works highlight the injustice of denying women little path for success if they are unable to marry well. Alice has clearly learned that lesson as the story shows how she has educated herself into being a successful wife by marrying three times. Yet Wharton shows how such superficial lifestyles deform the values of both men and women. Women must learn to turn themselves into valuable objects that men would want to marry, and men must learn to objectify and categorize women according to society’s dictates, thus denying any real opportunity for men and women to become true partners. Waythorn begins the story absolutely delighted by his newest possession, his wife. But by the end of the story, he realizes that he must “share” this possession, as she is a product of all three of her marriages. He is intimately bound with both of her ex-husbands, even the man with the cheap “made-up tie” (Part 3).
Situational irony abounds in this story due to the easy-to-mock Waythorn. Because of his insecurities, he wants to get as far as he can from Alice’s ex-husbands, staying away from home as long as possible when he knows Haskett will visit. Ironically, he runs directly into another one of Alice’s ex-husbands on the train, where they are shoved together “like a pressed flower” (Part 2). Waythorn finds his personal space invaded over and over again as the absurdity of the situations increases, culminating in the final scene where he is suddenly in his own library, having tea with Alice and all three of her husbands.
The story is also full of dramatic irony, as the reader has a larger understanding of events than the limited point of view of Waythorn. When Haskett protests that Lily’s governess is responsible for a change in Lily, “she’s too anxious to please—and she don’t always tell the truth” (Part 4), Waythorn fails to connect this criticism to his own wife, who is a master of pleasing others, even if it means she does not always tell him the truth.
The entire story is told from the point of view of Waythorn, whose limited understanding of his wife and her past creates much conflict and comedy. Waythorn attempts to create a mask of calm and respectability to present to the world around him, but the story’s limited third person point of view allows the reader to see the man behind the mask, fully embodied with all of his insecurities.
By Edith Wharton