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Virginia WoolfA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The narrator is a woman who appears to be similar to Virginia Woolf herself in class and circumstance. She seems to be an upper-class wife who is expected to be a domestic creature who looks after the cleanliness of the house. She is also clearly highly educated; her diction and tone display a high degree of formal command of the English language, and her references include Greek mythology, Shakespeare, studies of British royalty, and Whitaker’s Table of Precedency, the last of which is a section of the annually-published Whitaker’s Almanack, which details the hierarchical order in which royalties and dignitaries must be addressed and treated by society. Although clearly knowledgeable about such things, she is often very critical of these markers of class and erudition. Indeed, she wishes for Whitaker’s Table of Precedency to quickly become altogether obsolete, and openly mocks it.
The narrator is markedly ill-at-ease with her contexts. She sees the wifely duty of keeping a home as a most unwelcome imposition, so much so that in her mind, the duty is personified by a menacing housekeeper “with the profile of a policeman” (3). She openly rejects and flouts the norms of the male-dominated society around her; instead, she finds great fulfillment through her mind and its incredibly rich inner life. And, although she is indeed undertaking a quiet kind of rebellion for the entirety of the story, she is plagued by repeated doubts that a true, full escape from the stranglehold of her society is possible. Overall, the narrator is a deeply sensitive, passionate person who insists on her own intellectual freedom.
The Housekeeper appears twice in the story. Both times, she is a figure conjured from the narrator’s imagination, although the narrator claims to know her in real life. The Housekeeper, with her “profile of a policeman”, is essentially a symbol of the encumbering, controlling, and oppressive expectations that patriarchy places upon women. Her presence makes the narrator feel inadequate as a housekeeper (and thereby impugns the narrator’s worth as a woman), and her overbearing, menacing affect belie the oppressive and imposing strictures of patriarchy.
Only present at the end of the story, the narrator’s husband is nonetheless very importantas both a physical and concrete presence in the story and as a symbolic one. His only line, as it abruptly and obliviously interrupts the narrator’s delicate, expansive stream of consciousness, reads as vulgar, mundane, and obtuse. However, he is not exactlywritten as a caricature; rather, he is a man of his world, while the narrator seeks an escape from that world. His concerns are about the world as he knows it (the war, the newspaper, the snail on the wall) rather thanhow that world is known and what is and isn’t knowable, which are the narrator’s concerns. His pronouncements about the state of the world and the newspaper, then, are perfectly reasonable, but essentially not on the same wavelength as the narrator’s engagement with the world, the society that surrounds her, and her own investment in her internal life. His complaint that there is a snail on the wall, and his assertion that he “doesn’t see why [they] should have a snail on [their] wall” is an implicit indictment of the narrator’s housekeeping skills (10). Therefore, his symbolic purpose within the story is to be a physical stand-in for the oppressive norms of patriarchy that are as casual and workaday as they are constraining.
By Virginia Woolf