52 pages • 1 hour read
Patricia FordeA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Smith Fearfall is a scavenger working on the beach. He catches a metal canister with the letters NICENE on it, but he doesn’t know what it means. He puts it in a bag with some other items and goes home.
Letta, a wordsmith’s apprentice, is restless and tired of waiting for Benjamin, her “master” (5), as she transcribes words. When she hears two voices in Benjamin’s study, she enters with two cups of tea. Benjamin tells a gavver—one of John Noa’s law enforcers—that using only 500 words is “not human.” The gavver, whose name is Carver, says 700 words is already too many, then takes the tray from Letta and asks, in stunted English, “What is?” When Letta says, “Burdock tea,” Carver corrects her, saying that Burdock is not a “List word.” He drops the tray, and the tea burns her ankles. When she speaks with Benjamin afterwards, she forbids him from speaking List. They are wordsmiths and can speak freely. Benjamin reminds her that they’re the last two wordsmiths left and encourages her to trust John Noa. Letta looks out at the uniform landscape of identical houses built before the Melting.
As a child, Letta only knew List words. In 10 days, each schoolchild will receive the new List Benjamin has been asked to curate. Currently, she is preparing boxes for the students of Mrs. Truckle, the schoolteacher. Each card contains one word. Each box contains 500 cards. Although she knows the work is necessary, Letta hates removing words from the language. The current words slated for erasure are the following: “Dream, Hope, Love, Faith” (7).
Benjamin asks if anything arrived in the drop box, where Ark’s citizens deposit stray words. The word Ant is that day’s only delivery. Insects is now the only acceptable word that can be used to describe any member of the insect kingdom. Benjamin tells her that he is leaving in the morning. Mrs. Truckle will help her as needed. He urges caution because of unrest, both inside and outside of Ark.
Letta was born in Ark, and her parents were loyal to Noa. She imagines traveling with Benjamin and finding new words. Once, on the shore, Benjamin had showed her that the tide wouldn’t harm them. Now Letta tries to imagine the Melting and the tidal waves. She misses her parents and salutes them across the water.
Letta makes three boxes of words for a carpenter’s three apprentices. She gives them each 25 carpentry-related words in addition to their 500. One of them is named Daniel. His tally stick has at least 15 notches, signaling “[f]ifteen breaches of the language law” (16).
Next, Letta prepares to remove words for 30 types of fruit, like pineapple. List doesn’t include fruits unavailable in Ark. A boy knocks on the door and asks for a box, claiming to be an apprentice. She explains that she is the wordsmith while Benjamin is away. Their conversation is stunted because they speak List.
In Benjamin’s library, she retrieves a box of words. She notices Benjamin’s banner that reads, “In the beginning was the Word” (19). Letta wonders why the apprentice’s master didn’t give him his words. When she returns from the library, the boy is on the floor, bleeding from a bullet wound. Unsure of why she’s helping him, Letta takes him to the Monk’s Room. As she hears the siren that announces the gavvers, she leaves him and answers the door, finding Carver on the porch. Carver slaps Letta when she feigns ignorance of the boy. A second gavver enters and tells Carver to come with him.
Before passing out, the boy tells Letta that his name is Marlo. While he sleeps, she examines him. There are scars on his back, and she wonders about the Black Angel, a drug invented by the Green Warriors. She wonders if it might have been in the bullet they shot him with. In his sleep, Marlo is feverish. He shouts the name “Finn” and tells Letta, in clear speech, not to tell anyone about the pump house. The old tongue makes Letta uneasy. She wonders if Marlo is a wordsmith, although Benjamin is supposedly the last.
When he awakes, Marlo tells her that he dreamed that he was a hare the night before. He saw red eyes watching him from the brush. He asks Letta if she dreams, and she’s surprised he knows the word Dream, since it is Non-List.
As Letta watches him sleep instead of working, she recalls the spread of violent gangs after the Melting. They now live in the woods, and she wonders if Marlo is a criminal. She is uneasy but excited.
Central Kitchen is busy as two gavvers watch Mary Pepper serve food. Letta feels like they’re watching her. Letta asks for two lunches, which makes Mary suspicious. Letta lies and says that the second lunch is for Benjamin, who will return by noon.
A gavver stops Letta and asks if she saw the boy. Letta admits that she saw him at the shop. When she tells Marlo about the conversation, it scares him. He says the gavvers shot him with a bullet tainted by Black Angel. Letta hides him in a cupboard when Mrs. Truckle knocks on the door. Downstairs, Letta collects 42 tally sticks for her. Mrs. Truckle hates the punishment system and blames the parents for teaching children Non-List words. She says Letta has eyes like her father and leaves.
By afternoon, Marlo is slightly improved. Letta goes to the water station, where handsome, arrogant Werber Downes, whom she dislikes, is distributing the rations. Everyone knows that he wants Letta for a mate, but she doesn’t have to worry about it until she is 18.
Carver is in the shop when she returns. He searches the study and then goes upstairs, but Marlo’s bed is empty. He calls Marlo a “Desecrator” (45). To Letta’s relief, the cupboard is empty as well. Carver breaks a box of her possessions, including a lock of her mother’s hair and a ribbon with F for Freya. After Carver leaves, Letta finds Marlo is in the Monk’s Room.
The chapter then switches to an italicized, internal monologue of John Noa, Ark’s creator. Noa watches a wolf and thinks about the word extinction. The process in Ark is harder than he expected, but it’s worth it. He will deal with the traitors and criminals. He is grateful that he and Amelia are alive. Noa thinks about the eventual results of his plan—without providing details for the reader—and goes to his tower.
Letta collects her mother’s hair and closes the box. Her parents had gone on a voyage outside Ark, against Noa’s orders. While cleaning, she wonders if Marlo is his real name. Desecrators, scavengers, and the Wordless live outside, in places like the shanty, Tintown. The Wordless are “strange troubled souls who wandered aimlessly, silent and half-mad” (52). Letta thinks Marlo had already been shot when he arrived.
Letta hears noise outside and sees that four gavvers have seized Daniel, the healer’s son. One gavver hits him with a bat as his mother, Rose pleads with them. Letta goes to Daniel’s parents after they take him away. Daniel stole potatoes and will now be banished, which infuriates Letta. She follows the gavvers to a place called Limbo:
An in-between place. Nothing but scrub and dusty pine trees—dark skeletons stripped of their leaves, black and ominous, in the washed-out light of the morning. Nothing grew here, and it was always quiet, as though even the birds didn’t want to be around this kind of gloom (55).
Letta knows Marlo’s fate will be worse than Daniel’s if they catch him. She climbs a hill and stops in front of a marble statue of a figure known as the Goddess. There are rumors that she was a prophetess, or the first clone. Now the clones are gone. Letta doesn’t know how to believe in her, and wonders why she is called a Goddess, not a prophetess.
At the shop, Marlo says he is an apprentice of his uncle, who is a Creator, which is what Letta would call a Desecrator. When Letta says he should be ashamed, Marlo asks if she just believes anything Noa says. Letta ignores him. She knows the Desecrators are dangerous rebels who use art, music, and plays as anti-Noa propaganda. Letta worries about how to get Marlo out of the house. He tells her that he dreamed he was a fox running from dogs in the forest. He also says his friends might be able to help Daniel, which intrigues her. Marlo says they can contact his uncle Finn during a show on Friday. He promises that he will be healthy enough, and Letta commits to go with him.
Letta sleeps poorly. In the morning she sees a shrew in the street. It is protected by Ark law, like all animals. On the beach, she wonders what Benjamin would do in her situation. Her parents had been sailors who undertook one more exploratory voyage, even after Noa gave up on finding more land. They gave themselves 60 days and never returned.
Letta imagines their sailboat on the horizon and the first sight of her parents. Marlo is not healing, and she hopes that Friday’s meeting will at least let her give him to his people. He isn’t like she imagined the Desecrators. She goes across the street to find the healer, John Lurt. In a hard voice, he asks who is sick.
Letta leaves quickly and finds Mrs. Truckle in the shop, waiting for more boxes. When there is a crash upstairs, Mrs. Truckle tells Letta to be careful. Letta locks the door after she leaves. Marlo is on the floor. After lifting him to the bed, he raves and shouts all night, which terrifies her.
The fever breaks by Friday and Marlo asks why Letta is helping him. She doesn’t want him to be banished but doesn’t say so. She leaves him in the Monk’s Room and goes to find Finn. By the wheat fields, she finds a low shed that Marlo had described to her. Letta sees a woman playing a saxophone on the roof. Letta knows the word Saxophone but not the sound. The men with scythes stop working to listen. Letta sees Finn, a massive, bearded man. She tells him Marlo is at the wordsmith’s shop, then runs. Letta hears the music stop. When she looks back, people are scattering, but the roof is empty.
The first five chapters begin the process of building the world of Ark for the reader. In most science fiction, fantasy, or alternate history novels, the art of world building requires the reader to learn the rules and history of the unfamiliar world. In the case of The List, the world building is not as easy, because the language of List is so limited. The third-person narration can include as many flourishes as the author desires, but the dialogue is limited to what is almost a crude parody of language. Consider this early exchange when Letta overhears Carver talking to Benjamin. Carver says, “Ark needs less words…. Words no good. Words bring trouble” (2). Their conversation is so restricted that it feels out of place, especially in a wordsmith’s shop. Letta is able to think and speak in more words, but only with Benjamin. Otherwise, she is forbidden from speaking with her full vocabulary, and is forced to express herself as if she has only ever learned 500 words.
This is Forde’s earliest introduction to the theme of Identity and Self-Expression. The citizens of Ark cannot describe themselves, or others, in non-List language. If a person is compassionate, but has no idea what the word compassion is, or what it means, there is no way for that person to conceive of themselves as a compassionate person. By limiting the language with which people can describe themselves, Noa also limits their capacity to determine their own identities. They can only conceive of themselves through a narrow lens, and humans are far too messy and nuanced to render in 500 words. This is even truer when applied to children born in Ark: “Children in Ark were taught the bare minimum when it came to reading. Enough to allow John Noa to communicate with them using the written word—but no more” (61). If children encounter written words, they will only be the words of Noa, which constrains both the children’s and their families’ identities; Noa’s words become just as significant to a child’s upbringing as their parents’.
Letta’s character arc could be described as that of a believer to an apostate, or a loyalist to a rebel. She is not so indoctrinated that she turns Marlo in to the authorities, but she has been taught the laws of John Noa since birth:
She had always been taught that words were the root of evil. Before the Melting, people had used all the words there were, and it did nothing to save them. John Noa would say they talked themselves into the disasters that they created (70).
Thus, the novel is set up to follow Letta’s coming-of-age as she moves from blind trust in the ways of her childhood to the mature questioning of those ways as an adult.
When Marlo arrives, Letta finds herself in the classic plight of many dystopian protagonists: a visitor upends their life, challenges their assumptions, and almost dares them to do the right thing. Marlo is a wounded, literally well-spoken young man. Although his dreams are feverish, they are still poetic. He knows this when he says, “There’s always truth in dreams. Don’t you know that? We have to learn what they mean, that’s all” (29). By drawing attention to the meaning of dreams, especially in their abstract nature and symbolism, Marlo associates the power of dreams with The Power of Language. In this way, readers can see two distinct definitions of language—a system of words that directly correlates to pieces of the world and an experience of words that are mysterious and require thoughtful analysis.
Forde plays with words herself throughout the text in ways that revel in the pleasure of words and their meanings. The Melting, Ark, and John Noa’s rescue of a small part of humanity clearly reference the biblical story of Noah and the flood. Readers who make these linguistic connections may then see other meanings in the words. The Melting can be interpreted as retribution for humanity’s poor actions; the city of Ark can be seen as the protective space similar to the biblical ark, yet a space that has outlived its purpose now that the storm has passed; Noah from Genesis was a messenger for God, but Noa in the novel only seems concerned with his own message. Further, clichés appear in ways that also disrupt reader expectations the way that Forde has disrupted the biblical story.
Forde also modifies the phrase, “money is the root of all evil” to “words are the root of all evil.” This change contrasts the contemporary world and the world of the novel. In the novel, linguistic ability is tantamount to destructive greed, and disasters are the results of too much talking, not the result of too few questions. That the author chooses to nearly replicate a phrase that summarizes contemporary society’s concept of evil also draws an unexpected comparison, suggesting that common ideals can be based on flawed logic, even in the reader’s own world.
Forde foreshadows the coming change in Letta’s progression when she writes, “She loved Ark, but hated List” (70). Now that Letta has been exposed to Marlo, music, Finn, and Daniel’s plight, Forde has placed her in a position to continue the deeper exploration of the novel’s themes. The major source of tension is the question of what will sway Letta from what she believes is still the correct path