logo

47 pages 1 hour read

G. K. Chesterton

The Innocence of Father Brown

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1911

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Stories 1-3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Story 1 Summary: “The Blue Cross”

Content Warning: This section discusses racist and racially insensitive attitudes and language and contains references to suicide, drug and alcohol addiction, and mental health conditions; depictions of the aftermath of two deaths by suicide; and descriptions of corpses and murders. 

Renowned Parisian detective Aristide Valentin searches for a criminal named Hercule Flambeau, who has used his uncommon size and strength to commit several recent robberies. Valentin has tracked him to a dairy company in London, where Flambeau sells milk cans. Taking a train from Essex to London, he meets a short priest who is carrying an umbrella and multiple paper parcels. The priest tells Valentin—loudly enough for anyone to hear—that he must take great care with these parcels because inside one of them is a valuable silver item inlaid with blue stones. Before the priest leaves the train at Tottenham, Valentin warns him not to tell people about the valuable object that he is carrying if he doesn’t want it stolen. When the train arrives in London, Valentin continues his search for Flambeau while admiring the city’s scenery. While he is an intelligent and straightforward man, he likes to look in the wrong places during an investigation, believing that the best way to learn the criminal’s thinking is by anticipating the criminal’s potential thought patterns.

Valentin decides to look inside a restaurant, taken in by its quietness. He gets a cup of coffee and an egg and thinks about Flambeau’s several escapes from justice, concluding that crime is an art and that detective work is a criticism of that art. Upon sipping his coffee, he realizes that someone has put salt in the sugar; soon after, he also learns that someone has put sugar in the saltshakers. He asks the waiter about this. The waiter replies that he believes the two priests who came in before, one short and one tall, must have switched the salt and sugar. He also says that the shorter priest threw soup against the wall before they left. Valentin pays for his coffee and leaves in the direction in which the waiter said the priests left. Passing a grocery store, he finds the cardboard signs for the oranges and nuts there switched as well. When he asks the shopkeeper about this, the shopkeeper responds that two men switched them and knocked over some apples. Valentin asks if he has seen two priests, and the shopkeeper says that he has. Valentin then goes to a restaurant with a smashed window. The waiter there tells him that two clergymen had lunch there. The shorter priest paid the bill, leaving far too much money. When the water ran after him to tell him about the mistake, he apologized and said that the extra money would cover the cost of the window that he was about to break. He then shattered the window with his umbrella. Valentin then leaves to chase after the clergymen, having other detectives follow him.

Valentin realizes that the tall priest is Flambeau in disguise and that the short man with him is the priest he met on the train from Essex. The blue-stoned silver item that he was carrying was a blue cross that Flambeau had been trying to steal. Flambeau leads the priest to Hampstead Heath, where the priest, Father Brown, speaks about the stars and argues that reason proves the existence of God as Valentin and the other police officers watch. Flambeau then asks Father Brown to give him the Blue Cross. Father Brown refuses and tells him that he has been suspecting that he wanted to steal it. Realizing this, Father Brown switched the salt and sugar, threw the soup, switched the shop signs, knocked over the apples, overpaid the other restaurant’s waiter, and broke the window so that the police would be able to follow their tracks. He then reminds Flambeau that police are watching them and that the cross will be kept safe. Exasperated, Flambeau asks how Father Brown knows all these things and was able to outsmart him. Father Brown says that he is familiar with other people’s sins and that he knew Flambeau was not a priest because he “attacked reason” (15). Flambeau then bows to Valentin before the latter and Flambeau bow to Father Brown.

Story 2 Summary: “The Secret Garden”

Valentin hosts a dinner at his house with many guests. These include Father Brown; Valentin’s assistant, Ivan; a French doctor named Dr. Simon; English Ambassador to France Lord Galloway and his wife, Lady Galloway; their daughter, Lady Margaret Graham, the Duchess of St. Michel; Irish-born Commandant Neil O’Brien of the French Foreign Legion; and American millionaire Julius K. Brayne, who has an interest in “progressive” ideas and religions. Valentin disapproves of Brayne’s openness to religion and the Church and starts arguing with him. As this goes on, Lord Galloway goes into the drawing room, where he listens to the argument while also eavesdropping on a conversation between Dr. Simon and Father Brown. Noticing that O’Brien and Margaret are gone, he looks through the house for them. He finds Margaret in Valentin’s study but wonders where O’Brien is. He sees O’Brien enter the house from the garden and becomes angry. Lord Galloway informs the dinner party that a corpse has been found in the garden.

Valentin, the men, and Margaret go to look, and Dr. Simon sees that the corpse’s head has been completely severed. The male body is wearing a black suit, and the head appears oddly yellow. Valentin has everyone stay the night while the investigation is conducted. He and Father Brown will stay by the body. When they go inside, the Duchess says that Brayne is gone, and Lord Galloway says that O’Brien is still outside as well. When Dr. Simon says that the killer did not use a knife, Valentin concludes that a saber must have been used due to the force of the cut. Ivan lets O’Brien back inside, and Valentin has O’Brien’s saber retrieved from the library. Margaret explains that she and O’Brien were in the garden when they found the corpse and that O’Brien asked her to marry him, but she refused. After Father Brown asks about the cigar that Brayne was smoking, Valentin tells Ivan to let Brayne back in, but Ivan soon comes back and says that Brayne has left. Ivan also finds O’Brien’s sword, which he believes Brayne may have thrown aside as he made his escape. Valentin gives the sword back to O’Brien. Early that morning, Dr. Simon tells O’Brien that Brayne must have killed the man in the garden, but he wonders why he used a sword and how the stranger got into the garden. During their conversation, Father Brown tells them that another murder has occurred.

They go into the library, where they find a drawing of a decapitated Valentin. As the police and Father Brown investigate, Father Brown initially considers that Brayne must have committed this murder as well, but he then finds that the second corpse is Brayne, noticing that the hair and chipped ear are the same. Father Brown also tells Valentin that Brayne was considering joining his church, to which Valentin sneeringly remarks that Brayne was probably going to give much of his fortune to the church. Valentin then retires to his study. Ivan, Valentin’s attendant, argues that the first corpse belongs to Arnold Becker, a criminal who went by many names. Arnold had a twin brother named Louis, who was guillotined nearby only the day before. In a conversation with O’Brien and Dr. Simon, Father Brown tells them that Brayne did not leave the garden and that after he was killed, his head was switched with the guillotined head of Louis Becker. He then explains that Valentin was present at the execution and was able to take the head on the pretense of wanting to use it for criminological study. This is why the head had an odd, yellow color—it had been dead much longer than the body found with it. Valentin, being fiercely anti-clerical, reacted violently to the suggestion that fellow skeptic Brayne might give his fortune to the Catholic Church, and to prevent this, he killed him using O’Brien’s sword before switching his head with Becker’s. Father Brown then goes to the study to have Valentin confess his crime, but the men find Valentin dead, having deliberately taken an overdose of pills.

Story 3 Summary: “The Queer Feet”

An unnamed narrator tells the story of Father Brown’s luckiest case. A Jewish man named Mr. Lever invites Father Brown to the Vernon Hotel, where the prestigious club The Twelve True Fishermen meets for their annual dinner. He is there because a waiter at the hotel recently suffered a stroke and Mr. Lever suspects foul play. While writing in his room, Father Brown hears footsteps outside his door that start out small and rapid but then become slow and stamping, alternating between walking and running. Father Brown finds the nature of these footsteps strange, but he concludes that the steps are from the same person despite the vastly contrasting movements. Knowing that the door to the office is locked, Father Brown goes into the cloakroom to investigate. There, he encounters a tall, foreign man who asks for his hat and coat. Father Brown concludes that the man has silver in his pocket, noting that the semi-precious metal is highly valuable in large amounts. After the man menacingly says that he does not want to threaten Father Brown, Father Brown replies that he does want to threaten the man with his eternal fate. He then greets the man as Flambeau. Astounded, Flambeau sits down in a nearby chair.

Meanwhile, members of the club talk and joke at the dinner. These include the club’s vice president, the Duke of Chester; the manager, Mr. Audley; Colonel Pound; and others. When one of the waiters stops in the middle of walking, however, the wealthy men become disturbed. Another waiter says that he wants to speak to the proprietor. As the men discuss the number of waiters, Mr. Lever reveals that one of the waiters has died. The colonel suspects that the waiter was a thief and had stolen the silver fish plates. When asked, Father Brown says that he does not know the thief’s real name but that he repented before returning the silver. He then reveals the story of his encounter with Flambeau, noting that the criminal had donned the clothes of a waiter before Father Brown found him out. When Father Brown concludes his story, the men talk about how smart the thief must have been to be able to appear as a gentleman. Father Brown then says that he believes it must be equally difficult for a gentleman to pose as a waiter. He then says farewell and leaves the hotel.

Stories 1-3 Analysis

The first three stories in the collection introduce its protagonist—the Catholic priest and amateur detective Father Brown. In the first story, “The Blue Cross,” the protagonist is another detective, Aristide Valentin, who watches Father Brown from afar without knowing who he is. This narrative device, common in detective series, allows Chesterton to introduce Father Brown through the eyes of another seasoned detective, familiarizing readers with Father Brown’s methods while illustrating his extraordinary skill through Valentin’s amazement. Through Valentin’s eyes, the reader sees Father Brown’s eccentric methodology: In his attempt to get the police’s attention, he disrupts the balance everywhere he goes, throwing the soup, switching the salt and sugar, switching the cardboard signs for the nuts and oranges, overpaying the waiter at the second restaurant, and breaking the window. Despite his eccentricity, he deeply values reason and is highly observant. When Hercule Flambeau does not object to being overcharged in the restaurant, for example, Father Brown knows that he is hiding something and trying to escape notice. 

In the second story, “The Secret Garden,” Valentin meets and befriends Father Brown. In a narrative twist, Valentin turns out to be the murderer and antagonist in this story, and Father Brown uses his psychological insight to find him out. This twist not only clears the way for Father Brown to step forward as the collection’s protagonist but also demonstrates The Duality of Human Nature: Valentin is the chief of the Parisian police, famed not only for his skill as a detective but also for his commitment to justice. Father Brown alone realizes that even such a person may commit murder under the right circumstances. In this case, Valentin’s anti-religious zealotry led him to kill the wealthy Brayne to prevent him from leaving his fortune to the hated Catholic Church. Deeply anti-theistic and anti-religious, Valentin was willing to throw away his devotion to law to punish fellow skeptic Brayne for abandoning his skepticism.

Flambeau is introduced as a thief whose elaborately orchestrated crimes suggest an intelligence nearly equal to Father Brown’s. This quality might make him a worthy antagonist, but under Father Brown’s moral instruction, he instead becomes a deuteragonist—abandoning his criminal life to join Father Brown in pursuing other criminals. He takes an interest in Father Brown’s theology, and when Father Brown asks him to return the silver, he does so. This shows that while Flambeau enjoys crime, he is aware of morality, which foreshadows his eventual reform.

Father Brown, as a detective and priest, is aware of The Duality of Human Nature. This allows him to see the moral flaws within seemingly upright and respectable people and thus to find the truth in cases. Flambeau’s defiance of reason and underestimation of Father Brown’s intelligence in the first story allows Father Brown to see through his disguise and get the police to follow them. Valentin’s arrogance and disdain for religion push him to the extreme of murdering Brayne just for being open to faith. The Twelve True Fishermen’s discomfort with the poor, including the waiters, also establishes their inability to understand and empathize with the waiters as equally human and their trials as equal in difficulty. The third story also shows that while Flambeau is a thief, he is beginning to show a change of heart, giving Father Brown the silver he stole from the club. These examples show the effectiveness of The Psychological Approach to Solving Crimes, as Father Brown’s work a priest—especially in hearing the confessions of sinners—gives him an acute understanding of the psychology that drives people to commit crimes. 

Because Father Brown understands hidden psychological motivations, he is acutely aware of The Contrast Between Appearance and Reality. Through this awareness, he realizes that the seemingly unimpeachable Valentin is in fact the murderer and that the “priest” Flambeau is no priest but a thief in disguise.

In the short story “The Blue Cross,” the titular cross is a symbol that represents the beauty and endurance of Christianity ideals. Though Flambeau intends to steal the cross, Father Brown, with his faith and reason, manages to protect it, allowing it to be sent safely to Westminster. Like the Christian faith it embodies, the cross relic is protected and saved.

The first section uses foreshadowing in “The Secret Garden” when Valentin butts heads with Brayne over their religious differences, showing that this will be the conflict that drives Valentin to murder and implying that Valentin is not completely stable either psychologically or spiritually.

blurred text
blurred text
blurred text
blurred text