51 pages • 1 hour read
Rachel KushnerA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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All Reno has on her is her passport, some money, and her camera, but she allows the groundskeeper, named Gianni, to drive her to Rome. Gianni brings her to an apartment where many men are gathered, listening for news about the upcoming demonstration. A woman named Lidia makes Reno some spaghetti. The apartment is crowded, and the men are unkempt. Reno’s sudden change in environment is the polar opposite of the idyllic villa she left behind. There is another young woman in the apartment who argues a bit with Gianni in the next room. The next day, this girl, named Bene, takes Reno with her around the city to pass out flyers. Reno admires the political graffiti of the city, which is so different than the stylistic but uncommunicative street art of New York. Bene introduces Reno as “an American who told Roberto Valera to fuck off” (552), and Reno doesn’t correct her. Reno recalls her first visit to Rome in college: two days of tourism and cultural destinations. Now, she sees the underbelly of Rome, rich with community and vibrant with personality. People of all walks of non-wealthy life gather in the Piazza Esedra with signs advocating for labor freedom and equality. Before long, the carabinieri—the Italian police—arrive and push through the crowd. Children and adults alike scream at them to arrest them, ecstatically daring them to take action against the will and mass of the people.
The march out of the Piazza and in the city begins with the women’s groups. Reno recalls what Sandro told her about women’s rights in Italy. Italy outlawed divorce and abortions, but Reno now finds it ironic that Sandro advocated for Italian women as if he were a feminist. Reno follows these women, and before long the march grows in its aggressive nature. Windows are smashed, and goods are passed out to the people. Molotov cocktails and Moka bombs smoke up the streets and set fire to shops. Masked protestors and police begin to shoot at each other, and Gianni finds Reno in the crowd. He leads her away from the rioting and fighting, down a side street while sounds hiss and whistle around them: tear gas. Later, Reno would find out that the march included about 100,000 people. Thousands were arrested, and reports of police beatings were high. That night, Reno falls asleep on the couch in the apartment to the sounds of Bene and Gianni making love in the bedroom. The government puts a temporary ban on demonstrations, but many subversive acts are coordinated via radio stations.
A week passes, and Reno stays with the revolutionaries. No one asks her many questions, which she appreciates. She doesn’t go to Monza as she was supposed to, but no one tracks her down. She believes that none of them—including the Moto Valera team who were expecting her and Sandro—don’t care to find her. As much as Reno is still an outsider, she feels more accepted and welcomed into this community of rebels known as the Red Brigades—the same group vilified by Roberto and Sandro).
Didi Bombonato is set free after he announces his support of the Red Brigades. Whether he is coerced or not, Reno is unsure.
Durruti, one of the leaders who stays in the apartment, and the other boys fight for Reno’s attention. Gianni remains aloof but still inclusive. When he takes Reno for drives and errands, he tells police officers that she’s the wife of Sandro Valera, in order to get through any blockades. It becomes clear to Reno that Gianni took the groundskeeper job as a way of spying on the Valeras. He tells her that the family will pay, and Reno thinks, “But I was comforted by them. Did I want Sandro to pay? Sure I did” (593). One day, Bene comes into the kitchen with the other women and tells Reno to go into the bedroom. Reno is bewildered to find that the women have decided to turn their backs to her, and that Bene is angry with Reno for something Reno doesn’t understand. Nonetheless, Reno goes into the bedroom.
Two weeks later, Reno is back in New York City. She has been staying with Gloria and Stanley Kastle. She attends a gallery opening for John Dogg, a new and popular artist on the scene, who is now dating Nadine. Reno replaces Burdmoore in the Kastle household. They keep her in the guest bedroom and hang her photographs of the salt flats above the shelf where Burdmoore’s sculptures had been displayed. Even though Reno knows that the Kastles will remain loyal friends to Sandro, she lets them make her their new adoptee. Sandro contacts Reno and asks her to come home to him; he blames Talia for being messed-up and confused. Reno returns to Sandro’s apartment to pack her things, where she also finds the repaired Moto Valera. Ronnie tells Reno about the one-day performance Gloria put on while Reno was in Italy. It was called Alone, and in it, Gloria stood in a small booth with an opening showing her pelvis. Ronnie put his hand into the opening and fingered Gloria until she came. Gloria declares to Reno that the performance was really about the fourth wall, and that if a man did put his hand in the opening, it was the man who forced sexuality onto the performance, not her. Even so, Gloria breaks down sobbing and confesses to Reno and to her husband Stanley that she believes she’s in love with Ronnie.
Reno asks Ronnie about Thurman when they run into each other at John Dogg’s opening. He tells her that Thurman’s wife died, but otherwise he doesn’t seem to acknowledge the night they first met. Still, Reno can feel his attention on her throughout the evening. Giddle shows up too, but she’s no longer with Burdmoore.
Reno finds Nadine shinier and happier with John Dogg than when she had Thurman’s gun between her legs. Reno appreciates their relationship for what it is, not for how they got to where they are. At the afterparty, John Dogg performs with his band called Hookers and Children. Reno stays on the sidelines, watching the dancing and thinking back to Gianni. Reno observes the social interactions of the party. In watching Nadine, she realizes that Giddle lied about being a prostitute. In watching Ronnie talk to John Dogg, she realizes how creatively evasive he is. She sees that John Dogg, a talented man and not an idiot despite how he seems, committed the ultimate sin, one that Reno always avoided: showing the world how badly he wanted it.
When Reno is ready to leave, she goes out to her Moto Valera, but it won’t turn on. Ronnie comes out behind her, and when she hears him she realizes it’s what she wanted the whole time. He helps her rewire the motorcycle, and when it works, she drives Ronnie home. He invites her up to his loft. She asks him why he never just tells the truth about his brother: that he feels bad about how his life turned out. Reno tells her that the best tools for surviving the human condition are irony and dissimulation. He admits to her that his brother died recently, in a car crash. Ronnie says that Reno is too young for Sandro, but that he suspects she’ll be the same when she’s older. He tells her he likes her, but Reno can tell that the implication is that he can’t love her. In her bed at the Kastles’ alone, Reno realizes that she put herself on Ronnie’s layaway.
Later, Helen tells Reno that Roberto has been kidnapped by the Red Brigades for their own vigilante trial of his crimes against his workers. A man was arrested, and Reno worries that if it’s Gianni—and surely it is, since he knows the ins and outs of Roberto’s schedule—her name will be involved. Reno learns from Italian newspapers that the Red Brigade agreed to return Roberto in exchange for eight Red Brigade militants who had been arrested. Although they publish a statement from Roberto in support of this, the newspaper also published a quote from his mother negating the idea that Roberto would negotiate with terrorists. Reno tries to assuage her guilt over driving Gianni’s getaway car.
Gloria prepares for a party for Ronnie, who is opening a new show. Gloria tells Reno that Roberto has been killed, and when Sandro doesn’t answer her calls she tries to go to his apartment, but no one answers the door. Gloria tells her that Sandro will come to the opening. The show Ronnie puts on is called Match Your Mood, a collection of photographs of beaten-up women. He uses the photos he took of Talia and her friends beating themselves at the diner. Sandro arrives holding hands with a girl who is so young, Reno is sure she must be a friend’s daughter. Then, Reno recognizes her as the young blonde from the photo in Ronnie’s apartment. She tries to leave, but Ronnie stops her. He asks her to be his date for the night and assures her that Sandro won’t come to the post-show dinner. At the dinner, Ronnie makes a speech that’s really a story, but he uses snippets of his night with Reno in the story, disguised as something else. Only Reno knows that he’s really talking to her. Later, Reno asks him to explain the story and what he was trying to say to her. Ronnie tells her that he was genuinely just trying to tell an entertaining story, and that the relationship he knows she wants from him is destined to fail, like all relationships. He confirms that Sandro had been sleeping with other women while he was with Reno, but he surprised Reno by including Giddle as one of the women.
Reno is now alone again, but a different type of alone than when she first moved to New York. She has loved and lost. She goes back to the pornography movie theater in Times Square to reckon with the issue of performance versus reality. The movie is cut short by a power outage, so Reno aimlessly wanders the city on her motorcycle, observing and participating only in her observations of the other city people walking, shouting, burning, and protesting. She hears news of riots in the city and of Chemical Banks burning, and she sees the connection between Broadmoor and Gianni.
A new Rome was founded on April 21, 1937, post-World War I and on the cusp of World War II, two years before Sandro was born. As a child, Sandro sees the bombings of movie theaters and wonders why his city is under attack. After the war ends, Italian films become more realistic. Sandro learns the hypocrisy of morality at an early age because of these films, which try to capture a new culture in Italy without acknowledging the human follies of regular, real people. He plays with toy soldiers, and his favorite are the flamethrowers. He likes their tanks, though his father tells him the equipment Sandro so appreciates would be the flamethrowers’ downfall in a real war. As a child, Sandro could sense that his father had a deeper connection with his older brother Roberto, and also that his father was cruel to his mother. Sandro didn’t like his mother very much either, so they never grew close. Adult Sandro thinks deeply about the issue of the soul, and how humans navigate and try to destroy their souls.
Sandro is on his way back to Italy. He promised his mother he would stay with her for at least six months to help her deal with the grief of losing her first and favorite son. When he brought the young blonde girl with him as his own buffer to Roberto’s funeral, his mother told him to stop abusing women. He thinks back about the day he drove to the factory with Talia. He wanted a break from his too-young American girlfriend who needed him for so much direction. Talia, on the other hand, was assertive, deeply wild, and unimpressed by him. She didn’t need him to make decisions for her or help her see the world. Sandro hadn’t meant to ruin his relationship with Reno. He realizes that, like his father, he chooses younger women because of the things he can’t stand about himself.
That day that Reno had gone into Gianni’s bedroom, he asks her if she can accompany him to the Alps and if she can ski. He tells her to bring her passport, even though she doesn’t realize at the time that she would need to leave quickly. A man comes over to show Gianni and Durruti some ski paths. Skiing equipment is sent over, then Reno and Gianni leave in the white Fiat without Durruti. Reno deposits Gianni at a tram, then drives into France. She parks the Fiat where she’s supposed to and waits for Gianni at a café. She waits and waits, well past the time Gianni was meant to show up.
The final chapters of The Flamethrowers provide plot revelations and major character developments. Reno finds herself in a completely unexpected situation: front and center of the Red Brigade’s war on the Italian aristocracy. Although Gianni and the people he introduces Reno to are polar opposites of the villa and Valeras, Reno embraces the opportunity to see something new. She marvels at the sheer intensity of the protest in Rome. Kushner reveals that Reno truly desires finding community, but this desire is paradoxical. She wants and needs people to experience life with and perhaps even to follow. Yet she wants these relationships to be free of vulnerability. She appreciates that no one in the apartment in Rome asks her questions about herself, an echo of that fateful night when she first met Ronnie. Kushner also asks her reader to consider what it is that Reno expects from others if she in turn doesn’t ask questions. Reno is not naïve, but she operates as though everyone who leads her is worthy of her trust. On the one hand, this gullibility opens her up to incredibly unique experiences. On the other hand, she consistently ends up burned and alone, so her belief in others is also a self-destructive cycle.
This inability to connect with others and therefore see them for who they truly are is paralleled in the life philosophies of Giddle, Ronnie, and Sandro. Giddle resists long-term relationships because she prefers to pass through life without serious commitments. Sandro feels the need to categorize others so that he can avoid making definitive conclusions about himself. And Ronnie conscientiously creates absurd stories based on real life experiences so he can avoid the harsh realities of his life. Although all of her relationships with these characters end, Reno is not so different from them in this regard. Reno wants relationships without doing the hard work it takes to solidify strong bonds. This character revelation helps Kushner show her reader that although Reno is the central protagonist of the story, she doesn’t have all of the answers and is as flawed as the less likable secondary characters. This conflict between desire for human connection and the inability to actually form those connections symbolizes Kushner’s exploration of performance versus reality. Each of the characters in this novel are creative types who continue their artistic performances in their lived experiences. For Giddle, Sandro, Ronnie, and Gloria, there is no boundary between art and life. If they were to accept that their imagined and creative worlds are mere facades of their actual worlds, they wouldn’t know how to navigate life at all.
It turns out that Sandro is at least somewhat correct when he calls Reno his “green-eyed cat.” Reno acts as a lone observer, perhaps as a result of her artistic tendencies. In New York, Reno watched as others engaged in insane conversations, sexually deviant adventures, and the creation of art for art’s sake. In Italy, Reno watches as others march, scream, love, and live. Reno, in her defense mechanism of not getting to know people well, therefore acts as an observer of the world around her, instead of an active agent in her own life.
The reader’s understanding of Reno is further complicated by Chapter 19, in which Kushner uses a third-person narrator to explore the world through Sandro’s point of view. She has Sandro reflect on key moments in his childhood and implies how this upbringing influences Sandro’s adult life. It would be easy to see Sandro as the primary antagonist of the novel, since Reno has such a difficult time with him. But in the end, Kushner subverts the reader’s expectation of a proper antagonist-protagonist dichotomy by implying that there is no real need for an antagonist because the characters do a fine job of antagonizing their own lives. Sandro’s perception of Reno is not unexpected: that she’s young, too impressed by him, and too reliant on him to introduce her to the world. These criticisms are fair. But Sandro also has a difficult time accepting responsibility for other people. He rejects his family, his girlfriends, and to a certain extent his best friend Ronnie. Sandro is as complicated a character as Reno.
The novel ends with an open-ended question concerning Gianni’s fate. Kushner has several reasons for ending the novel this way. The first is to emphasize the lesson that by interacting with the complex world, people will necessarily have secrets. When Reno first embarks on her journey in New York, she has very little to hold dear to herself. But by the end of the novel, she is harboring a serious secret from everyone, including from the reader. Secondly, Kushner emphasizes the random nature of the world. Things happen whether individuals like it or not. The world is unpredictable, and people can’t expect it to serve their own selfish interests. The third reason for ending the novel in this way is to subvert the power balance between Reno and Sandro. Sandro kept so many secrets from Reno, in part because that’s the way that he likes to live his life. But now, Reno has an even more serious and potentially lethal secret: She may know a little bit about what happened to Roberto. Lastly, Kushner ends her novel with a warning to be more aware of the people we associate with. It is worth questioning who Gianni is and why Reno would agree to help him on what is clearly an escape plan. Ultimately, the reader is not meant to know the true ending of Gianni and Reno. Therefore, Kushner further subverts the typical narrative structure of the novel form.
By Rachel Kushner
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