55 pages • 1 hour read
Don L. WulffsonA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Russian soldiers carry X on a stretcher to a cart bearing four identical-looking soldiers in mummy-like wrappings, who are all chatting jovially. A soldier notices X’s water bottle and asks for it since the flash burns have made him extremely thirsty; X shares it willingly. The bandaged soldiers ask X personal questions, but he struggles to remember the right words and does not know how to answer; he finally decides to pretend he has amnesia. The soldiers understand, even joking that they don’t know who they are, either.
The next thing X knows, he is on a bus with an IV and bandages on his wounds. He wakes up next in a schoolhouse with boarded windows, feeling little pain; the schoolhouse has been transformed into a hospital and is filled with wounded soldiers. X is greeted by a cheerful man with a shaved head and his waist and legs in a cast, who introduces himself as Nikolai. X wallows in fear and semi-consciousness, suddenly realizing that he has caught himself in a terrible charade and could be caught at any time.
X asks for water but learns that there are too many patients and not enough nurses or doctors to keep them all cared for constantly. A man lying in a bed next to him gives him water but warns him that since he was shot in the gut, he’ll experience immense pain if he drinks too fast. Nikolai explains that X has been unconscious for three days; he was operated on to repair his leg and abdomen. X continues to feign amnesia when Nikolai asks him questions about himself, such as his name, but is soon given a name by the nurse—Aleksandr—from his papers. The nurse tells him his memory will return with time, and X grows more panicked at his situation.
X slowly learns the names of the other men—Mikhos and Boris—and learns from them and Nikolai that he is in Alreni, 40 kilometers from Tarnapol. He makes very minor mistakes in his Russian, but nobody seems to notice. X adjusts to the routine at the hospital, including that they relieve themselves in German helmets for bedpans and that the two doctors keep the men as long as possible to help as extra hands around the hospital rather than sending them back to the front.
There are several nurses on staff—Zoya, a harsh woman, her beautiful blond niece Katerina, and their ward Tamara, who catches X’s eye. There is also Lina, Marusia, and male orderly Rubin, as well as the permanent male orderlies Blad and Oleg, and the guard, a disabled man named Sergo.
X soon grows bored at the hospital, as the city is mostly bombed out and empty, and the men have little to do except talk, and he has nothing to talk about. To make up for this, the men try to guess where he is from, deciding on Silesia or Odessa due to his accent and blond hair. X grows homesick and more unstable, but Nikolai keeps him sane, serving as a father figure and even giving him his name—X—when he tells him how much he hates the name Aleksandr.
X describes the disturbing conditions of other patients in the ward—an unconscious man who makes rowing motions with his arms for hours before his death, who is replaced by a near-silent man paralyzed from the neck down. X feels deep empathy for this man, even though they never speak.
Later, X learns that the hospital is going to be inspected by the government to weed out any soldiers who might be trying to avoid returning to the front. Nikolai shrugs this off, but X grows paranoid about being found out as an impostor and killed. Even the nurses and doctors seem nervous since the male orderlies can be sent to the front again, and the doctors could be sent to triages near the front if they fail in their duties.
The government representatives arrive two days later. They declare eight of the orderlies fit to return to battle and inspect the patients; every so often, they pin a medal on a patient’s gown, including a brain-dead soldier who cannot even acknowledge the honor. One of the men starts flirting with Tamara, who attempts to reject him; X notices that the man is wearing a wedding ring and is old enough to be her father. When the doctors and other men return, the flirting stops. The government men offer a medal to the paralyzed man, who reacts in fury and refuses the medal, making everyone in the hospital freeze. Tamara eventually approaches and removes the medal, and the man, crying, thanks her.
Despite everyone’s nervousness, Tamara is not punished for her actions. X comments that she is both pretty and a genuinely good person, making her extremely attractive to every soldier in the ward. He flirts with her lightly while she checks his pulse but later sees her out the window with a handsome, tall man, who gives her a scarf and holds her hands. The other soldiers tell X that she has a boyfriend, like most of the nurses.
After about two weeks, the number of soldiers and the rate of supplies slow down due to a German blockade. The doctors, with more time on their hands, attend to X, removing tubing and sutures from him; because they have waited so long, it is difficult and painful to remove. His knee is also recovering, and the doctor prescribes bedrest until he can walk with support. The doctor works on the bullet wound on his back, exposing his backside to Tamara, and X indignantly tries to cover himself, earning a laugh from the other nurse and a frantic apology from Tamara.
The doctors and nurses tend to Nikolai’s casts and quickly discover that his legs have been affected by gangrene and are rotting, infected, and blackened due to the lack of antibiotics. They tell him they will have to amputate both his legs, to Nikolai’s horror and protest. They perform the surgery nearly immediately, and Nikolai grows quiet and cries in his bed, refusing to speak to anyone.
The next day, X begins to practice walking with the nurses but feels guilty due to Nikolai’s condition. That night, he lies silent and guilty in bed, but Nikolai gently touches his hand and promises that he will make it. X cries, and they clasp hands for a while in the dark.
X decides to recover quickly for Nikolai and does so, eventually growing strong enough to begin helping in the kitchen, which reminds him of home. He idly comments on this to Mikhos, who grows excited that his memory is returning. X plays along but claims not to remember anything else and, after that, sprinkles in small, harmless “memories” to keep people believing he has amnesia and is recovering.
The hospital begins to fill up again, so X and some other recovering soldiers move to a house near the hospital, where X sleeps alone in the decrepit parlor. He enters a new routine—waking up early, going to the hospital, washing up, eating breakfast, and working for the day. He helps in the wards, performing grueling medical work, but feels better about himself for it and spends much of his time with Nikolai and Tamara. Eventually, he becomes a temporary medical orderly.
X writes letters for the illiterate soldiers, but one day, a letter arrives for him, surprising him. He learns that Zoya and an orderly, Rubin, contacted his “family” and told them he was alive. The letter is from the real Aleksandr’s mother, who insists she can help him recover his memory when he returns home. Their excitement at his “survival” fills him with guilt. Tamara notices his strange mood and questions him; he tells her that he doesn’t know who this family is and that he is nobody, which she strongly and personally rejects. X thinks about her insistence that he is important to her all night, creating a new fantasy that she cares for him.
When summer arrives, X spends more time out behind the hospital, watching the abandoned playground and wondering what it was like before the war. Tamara joins him sometimes and eventually begins to share about herself. She explains that she is 15, grew up in the village, went to the school that became the hospital, and that her father built the playground for her and the other children, who would play a game called Dungeon World in it. Tamara’s father was arrested for anti-communism when she was a baby. She hates the Communists for his arrest and subsequent death when he was arrested a second time and sent to Leningrad. Her mother ran off with another man. Her father died in a death squad—a group of men sent forward against the Germans to trigger mines and throw grenades if they make it. Tamara and X bond over their hatred of the Nazis and the Communists.
Later, X’s friend Rubin gets a huge antique radio and record player in their boarding house functioning, and they drag it to the hospital with records. While the radio doesn’t work at first, they eventually get Tchaikovsky to play, and the people in the hospital show true joy. Every day from then on, they play music and news in the hospital. One day, letters arrive, and Tamara receives one, but runs outside soon after, a horrified expression on her face. X follows her and learns that her scarf is the only thing left of her boyfriend, who died within five weeks of going to the front. X tries to comfort her, but she gets confused when he calls Isaak her boyfriend, explaining through tears that he was her brother. He embraces her as Russian propaganda pours over the radio.
Tamara grows quiet after her brother’s death and clings to X’s side; he is unsure whether she wants him to be a substitute for her brother or if she likes him romantically but tries to comfort her regardless alongside her other friends. Her grieving continues until the day when she drops a liter of blood, earning an intense scolding from Zoya; Zoya then transforms the scolding into a gentle reassurance that even though she has lost her entire family, she must keep going for her patients. Zoya tells her to stop thinking about herself and her grief and bury her pain in caring for the patients, which lifts Tamara’s spirits.
X begins walking to the hospital with Tamara and the others. One morning, he goes early and learns there will be an inspection, so they must clean everything. As he worries about being taken into an army he doesn’t even belong to, Tamara comes and kisses him on the cheek. He lifts a pot of boiling water but spills some on his arm and swears loudly in German. Tamara hears and reacts in horror but doesn’t tell anyone; still, another nurse senses tension between them when she bandages X’s arm. All the orderlies except Mikhos and X are taken back to the army, and X feels sick with shame.
The men who are “healed” but too disabled to fight again are taken home, including Nikolai, who tearfully says farewell to X. X sits on a crate and feels frozen despite the warmth of the sunshine; he is unable to talk to Tamara since she discovered his secret and knows he could be turned in at any moment. A new offensive begins, and wounded soldiers begin pouring in, forcing X and the others to work 12-hour shifts to care for them all.
One day, they get an order to evacuate to another town, and they struggle to get everyone and everything from the hospital in line. X joins the hospital staff on a truck; as they leave Alreni, however, they are caught in gunfire, which kills Katerina. A mortar round hits the bus behind them, and the truck stops; the few survivors and some scared villagers replace the hospital staff on the truck, forcing Tamara, X, Sergo, Zoya, and Mikhos to run into the woods for protection from the German assault. Mikhos dies under a burning tree and the others dive into a deep ravine to save themselves from the forest fire, but soon realize Zoya isn’t with them.
The very opening to this section establishes the thematic thread for the rest of the section—namely, The Loss of Names and Personal Identity to War and Violence. While faintly present up to this point, X’s pretend “amnesia,” adopted Russian identity, and need to disguise himself all fully cement that the war has erased who he once was and replaced him with someone new. The opening of the section shows four identical, mummy-bandaged Russian soldiers on a cart, who all joke that, like X’s amnesia, they have no idea who they are, even though they do in a literal sense. This scene highlights the ubiquitousness of X’s experience of identity loss, transforming it from a personal theme into a universal one. No soldier is spared from losing their identity; some lose their faces or other body parts, some lose their connection to home, some lose their livelihood, and many lose their lives, erased as a statistic and remembered by their families as a shadow of who they were in total. Each of those Russian soldiers was a person with hopes, dreams, personalities, and quirks, but the book cleverly presents them as identical copies of one another. They have been transformed by the violence of the war from individuals into bandaged objects, and importantly, X never sees them become individuals again, implying it may not even be possible.
The question of individuality spreads from the soldiers to the women working as nurses. While X describes each of the women uniquely—as they all have unique features and traits to differentiate them—they are repeatedly objectified within the narrative, particularly by the soldiers they care for. The soldiers all view the women as potential love interests rather than people; even X succumbs to this, growing jealous of Tamara’s “boyfriend” and daydreaming about her loving him romantically. While this is a broad result of misogyny rampant in the era and both German and Russian culture, it narratively contrasts with the objectification of men at the hands of the armies, highlighting the feedback loops the war creates. The soldiers are “objectified”—treated as fodder for guns—by the higher-ups, and the ones that survive this process go on to objectify the women who nurse them back to health, viewing them exclusively as objects of affection for their imagined fantasies.
Objectification takes a grim turn with the symbolism of the German helmets being used as bedpans. X is at first disturbed by this but quickly adapts, recognizing that it is part of a greater need for supplies rather than a deliberate and cruel snub against the German army (although this is an added benefit to the practice). Interestingly, other than X himself, German soldiers or POWs are nowhere in Alreni; their only presence is through the disembodied helmets. Importantly, X quickly loses his connection to them; however; while he could have viewed them as his last connection to his people, he instead adapts almost immediately to using them, just like everyone else. This shift further symbolizes X’s disconnection from the propaganda and imagery of his German identity. X is still German; he does not negate this or deny it. He is not losing his ties to Germanness, but his ties to the Nazi regime and his willingness to use discarded helmets as toilets neatly represent his rejection of his life as a Nazi soldier.
Finally, Nikolai’s fate—losing his legs to gangrene—represents the complexities of the theme of Ethical Ambiguities and the Cost of Survival During War. The value of human life and survival is briefly contrasted with the intense difficulty Nikolai faces as a newly disabled man in a regime that requires him to work to support his family. Nikolai has survived, but the cost for his survival is high and deeply personal; unlike many who face similar ethical situations at the cost of others, Nikolai has survived at the cost of himself and his livelihood. His despair briefly begs the question of whether his life was worth it, yet Nikolai’s ultimate decision to have hope despite his odds cements the theme that all human life is valuable. Disability runs rampant in the trenches, in the hospitals, and among civilians, but the book consistently argues that all life is valuable, even if the individuals themselves do not recognize this.
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