55 pages • 1 hour read
Don L. WulffsonA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The next day, the boys, joined by Hals, repair damage to the trenches from the bombing—backbreaking, filthy work that only Dobelmann helps them with. X explains the environment and layout of the trenches, explaining that “the Russians, I heard it said, were encamped somewhere to the northeast, and their numbers were growing daily” (46). After nine hours of work, X returns to his bunker to clean up and sleep.
While he is undressing, however, a major’s adjutant enters the bunker and calls for him. The adjutant, an important-looking, clean man, explains that prisoners were taken and they need his language expertise. X dresses in a sweater and follows him to find a huge pen filled with 30 Russian soldiers. He goes to a makeshift desk, where he is instructed to translate a series of questions and responses.
Many of the soldiers refuse, but when they do, they receive a gun to their head, and most answer. None of them know when the Russian offensive will begin except “soon.” One prisoner asks for medical attention, and the Germans laugh at him; another calls X a traitor, assuming he is a Russian soldier because he is not in the German uniform.
After the interrogation, the adjutant tells X that the prisoners will be digging latrines, and X understands from the man’s smirk that they will be digging their graves.
The next day, X’s platoon goes down to the front-line trenches with their rifles to relieve another platoon. The other platoon, also mostly young teenagers, leaves, overjoyed, while X and his friends settle into the stinking, muddy, trash-littered trench, knowing a Russian assault could happen any moment. Dobelmann begins to give them a summary of the danger, but before he can finish, several veterans jump into the trench and begin stocking it with bombs and machine guns.
Dobelmann asks how many of them have used a Panzerfaust, or rocket launcher, and learns only two of them were ever taught how, to his horror. He teaches them and then corrects their incorrect idea of how to throw a grenade, alongside other things that were overlooked during their abbreviated basic training. He tells them to treat their rifle like they would treat a woman and then tells them that their most important weapon is their mind, which can save their lives better than anything else—they must not, more than anything else, panic. If all else fails, he tells them to play dead.
That evening, the boys begin to wonder about Dobelmann and one of the other soldiers explains that he was once a philosophy teacher with a wife and three kids, but after a grenade ruined his face, he had someone tell his family he was dead to avoid the shame. He re-enlisted and is now focused entirely on the war.
Sometime before dawn, a barrage of bullets and explosions comes through—the assault has begun. The boys react in terror, but it ends quickly. They think nobody is hurt until a small boy, Willi, holds up his arm, which has been blown off into a stump. Jakob screams for a medic.
The boys repair the damage to the trenches and send Willi off to be buried. They eat what they can; X’s memories grow foggy as time stretches on and the surroundings become more surreal. A blast knocks X out of the trench, and he wakes up tasting blood and apples. X is dragged around for a while and comes to while sitting near a wall, with Hals sitting beside him; he is confused for a moment when Hals leans and puts his head on his shoulder. He then realizes that Hals is warm and wet with blood—he is dead. X holds him and sobs, trying to wake him up, but Dobelmann grabs him and drags him out of his grief. Dobelmann brings him to the other boys, Hals’s rifle in hand, and they watch as the Russian forces advance toward them.
The Russian infantry bursts out of the fog and attacks the front lines. The German soldiers shoot repeatedly, and some go down, but more keep coming. The barbed wire catches the infantry, but they keep going. Russian bullets shoot down soldiers around X and kick up dirt. As the Russians jump into shell holes for cover, Jakob explodes them, sending Russians flying. For a moment, the battle stops, and sunshine breaks through the fog; while it is beautiful for a moment, it just illuminates the scattered bodies. X turns and looks at Hal’s body, eyes catching on the shrapnel still hanging around his neck, and trembles.
X remembers his single fistfight when he was a child with a boy named Gus, specifically focusing on the adrenaline he had felt during the fight and the complete lack of it after. He connects this to his feeling as the fight stops, as he feels completely drained and sick. He wants to rest and hopes nothing more is needed of him, but as he thinks this, Dobelmann notes that they will face even worse things now. X and the others check their dwindling ammunition; Oskar swears as tanks begin to appear on the horizon.
The world becomes a haze of explosions and detonations. X falls and sees a boot with a disconnected foot in it, belonging to Fassnacht, the boy who had been excited to see war. Dobelmann calls for them to fire at the men walking around the tanks, and they shoot and throw grenades. They shoot Panzerfausts at the tanks, but the tanks begin to bear down on them, destroying the trenches and the men inside. Oskar runs in terror, getting shot down, and X fails to shoot a Russian soldier right in front of him when he sees the man’s face. X runs as well but gets speared with shrapnel through the knee. He watches in terror as a tank rears up and falls toward the trench where he is lying.
X is hit in the head and falls unconscious. He comes to and sees the tank hovering above him; his head and leg are injured, and he hears people shouting in Russian around him. In the piles of bodies near him are Germans and Russians, including a blond Russian boy.
He hears German pleading and then gunshots and quickly realizes that a Russian soldier is shooting any German survivors and stabbing the dead to ensure they are not faking it. He hears more voices demanding that the tank above X be repaired; they come close, so X plays dead. X quickly realizes that he will be discovered soon. After the men leave, X struggles to think about what to do and how to get home. He wants someone to help, but there is nobody left.
X finally produces an idea to save himself. He takes the clothes from the blond Russian boy and swaps them with his own, dressing the Russian body in his clothes, which is difficult. He even rips the Russian’s clothes to mimic the injury to his knee—a bolt of steel protruding just beneath his kneecap. The men return but only pay attention to the tank; when they leave again, X hurriedly finishes the job and takes the boy’s meager possessions and identification card, which he cannot read.
X emerges from under the tank, looking for Jakob or Dobelmann among the dead but not seeing them. He uses a Russian rifle for support and wanders among the piles of dead. He finds an injured Russian soldier and tells him that he is very dizzy, then sits down; he watches as other Russian soldiers squabble over the German possessions they have found. He realizes the battle has been thoroughly lost, but other than the loss of his friends, he does not care.
X tries to remove the steel bar from his leg but cannot. Russian soldiers run toward him, and he stands, afraid, but waves at them; they wave back. A German soldier begins to crawl, still alive, and sees X; X does not realize until too late that the soldier sees him as an enemy. The soldier lifts a pistol and fires, hitting X in the side. A Russian soldier shoots the German soldier and supports X as he crumples, promising him that he will make it.
This section concludes X’s time in the German army, and the novel spends much of this time laying the groundwork for how similar the Germans and Russians are, in their governmental structure and culture, underneath the surface differences. One key piece of this argument is the working definition within the book of what makes a good leader. X experiences several “good leaders” throughout the novel, but the first example is Dobelmann, who not only cares for the boys in his militaristic way but also works alongside them in the trenches as their equal. Through this, X learns the foundation for unlearning the propaganda of war on both sides. The war’s primary motivation on both sides is that one side is inferior and dangerous, and the other is superior and deserves victory; this superiority mindset is baked into all parts of military life. The younger soldiers are harassed for their youth, and the leadership views them as pawns or tools. Dobelmann’s willingness to break these boundaries empowers X in ways he does not even realize, directly represented by Dobelmann’s mantra that they should do anything they can to stay alive. By viewing the boys under his care as more than soldiers—as human beings with value—Dobelmann helps X progress into the next stage of his growth into an adult. Although X was already aided in his understanding of the “enemy” as human by his Russian heritage, Dobelmann’s good leadership helps him further understand the inherent flaws in the process of war.
These flaws—and the anti-Russian ethnic bias X has grown up facing—are on full display in the scene where X confronts the Russian prisoners of war. The brutality of the German military against their enemies is poignantly and briefly highlighted here as X realizes the Russian POWs will be digging their own graves. X is not aware of the Geneva Convention within the text, but the cruelty against and murder of the POWs are not accidental; the German army deliberately flouted the Geneva Convention to exterminate as many Soviet soldiers as possible, even after POWs surrendered. This flaunting of the rules of engagement, of course, goes both ways; the Russian army would also have no problem executing a single German soldier—X—if found out, just as they wandered the battlefield, killing any survivors instead of taking prisoners. The significant part of the execution of the Russian POWs is the organization; while Germany, in theory, had the capacity and obligation to at least nominally care for the POWs, they killed them en masse rather than bother. This decision highlights the degradation and inhumanity of the war from all perspectives. The Germans never intended to show pity or humanity to others; it was a war of conquest and extermination from the start. X must grapple with his place between two armies that both want him dead, allowing him perspective into the vein of humanity trapped between the countries and witness to the Ethical Ambiguities and the Cost of Survival During War.
Further highlighting the disconnection from humanity, the soldiers must either succumb to or overcome is the utter lack of physical affection within the novel. While typical for men and boys of the 1940s, particularly in conservative Germany where traditional gender roles were strongly reinforced, X’s annoyed reaction when Hals—really Hals’s corpse—rests his head on his shoulder highlights the disconnect from affection in the trenches. X’s love for Hals is expressed through his grief; aside from saving him and wanting him nearby, X never shows overt affection for his friend before his death. By emphasizing the annoyance X experiences at Hals’s perceived physical contact, the novel emphasizes how the tensions of war have changed even interpersonal relationships. In another life and setting, it is possible that X would have welcomed Hals’s touch, but in the German trenches, there is no space for affection at all, let alone between two men. This dire lack of human connection makes the upcoming time in the Russian hospital—where X experiences genuine care from a variety of people—a transformative experience rather than a purely harrowing one.
This section continues to prove that the lines between Russia and Germany are more imagined and illusionary than either country would like to admit. While there are significant cultural differences even now that should not be erased, X’s entire liminal existence posits that the war was a cruel, pointless grasp for power—cooperation, and even love, was possible, or X would not exist. X’s ability at the end of this section to fluidly pass between German and Russian identities, to the point that the Russians eagerly greet him and the German soldiers try to kill him, shows that identity is much more of a construct than wartime would have the soldiers believe. X is German, but X is also Russian, and most importantly, he becomes neither in The Loss of Names and Personal Identity to War and Violence as he recognizes the ultimate futility of dividing human beings into categories to encourage violence.
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