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Jesmyn WardA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with discussion and quiz questions to prompt student engagement.
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After a sleepless night listening to Richie singing, Jojo finds Richie sitting in a tree and brings him with him to Pop. Jojo asks to hear the end of Richie’s story, but Pop hesitates: “I look at him and raise my eyebrows. Tell him without saying it: I can hear this. I can listen” (250).
Pop says that one day, a prisoner named Blue took Richie and ran away after raping and beating one of Parchman’s female inmates; Richie elaborates that Blue threatened violence if he didn’t comply. Pop continues, saying that he took the dogs to track down Blue and Richie, but by that point, they had made it outside the limits of Parchman. There, they came across a white girl whom Blue attacked. She managed to get away (partly, Richie explains, because he intervened), and a lynch mob formed. The mob found Blue first, mutilating and killing him. Knowing the mob would do the same to Richie, Pop tracked the boy down and stabbed him, “[holding] him till the blood stopped spurting” (255), then set the dogs on the corpse to conceal what had happened.
As Richie listens in horror, Pop tells Jojo he’s never been able to forget the smell of Richie’s blood: “Drove me blind, made me so crazy I couldn’t speak. Didn’t nothing come close to easing it until you came along” (257). Jojo embraces Pop as he cries, and Richie “goes darker and darker, until he’s a black hole in the middle of the yard […] until he’s burning black, and then he isn’t” (257).
Leonie leaves Mam’s bedroom to find Given waiting outside and Pop and Jojo talking in the yard: “I can’t hear anything from this far away, but Given can, and whatever he hears makes his head shake faster and faster” (260). Suddenly, Given begins bleeding as he appears to struggle with an invisible force. When Leonie reaches towards Given, he disappears.
Kayla is in the living room, crying and talking about a boy and a black bird. Leonie tries to soothe her, but Kayla insists the boy “want[s] Mam” (262). Leonie returns to Mam’s room to find her mother twisted in the sheets and lying partly off the bed. She goes to help her, but Mam says it’s “too late” (264): An angry spirit has come to claim her. Given is also in the room, arguing with something on the ceiling only he, Kayla, and Mam can see. He says that Mam isn’t the entity’s mother, then turns to Mam and urges her to come with him. As Leonie prepares the altar, Mam begs her to say a litany. For a moment, Leonie sees “a boy with the face of a toddler” (267)—Richie—on the ceiling. Pop and Jojo burst into the room, Jojo telling Richie to leave. His forcefulness gives Leonie strength, and she begins praying to Maman Brigitte. Jojo, however, begs Leonie to stop, saying she doesn’t understand what she’s doing.
As the rest of the family watch, Given approaches Mam, who goes still. Jojo lashes out at Leonie, accusing her of letting Mam die. Leonie admits that she did, but says that Mam had asked her to: “He doesn’t understand what it means, to have the first thing you ever done right by your mama be to usher in her gods” (270). Leonie demands to know what Jojo wants of her, hitting him when he retorts that she “can’t give [him] nothing” (271). Pop pulls Leonie off Jojo. Outside on the porch, she’s joined by Michael. Leonie begs him to take her away, and Michael agrees to a short drive: “But I know that if I continue to ask, sour the air of the car with pleases, he will drive to Misty’s, get her to call her friends up north, call Al, make one last call to Pop to say: Just a few days” (274).
In the weeks after Mam’s death, Leonie is hardly ever home: “She come back every week, stay for two days, and then leave again. Her and Michael sleep on the sofa, both of them fish-thin, slender as two gray sardines, packed just as tight. They don’t move when I walk past them out the door in the morning” (277). Jojo sometimes hears Pop speaking at night and asks him whether he’s talking to Leonie or Michael on the phone; later, Jojo realizes Pop is actually talking to Mam.
Jojo believes he understands Leonie better than he once did, because he himself feels restless much of the time. He goes for frequent walks in the woods, sometimes seeing either a white snake or a black bird.
One day, he finds Richie sleeping at the foot of a tree. Angry that he can see Richie but not Mam, Jojo demands to know what he’s doing. Richie explains that he once believed he could “[c]ross the waters” and “[b]e home,” but that he now finds himself as “stuck” and “lost” as ever (281-82). Richie says that Jojo now understands life and death, and Jojo realizes that the tree is full of the spirits of people who died violently: “There are women and men and boys and girls. Some of them near to babies. They crouch, looking at me. Black and brown and the closest near baby, smoke white. […] They perch like birds, but look as people” (282).
Jojo returns to the house, where he finds Pop and Kayla sitting on the porch. He tries to persuade them to go inside, but Kayla fusses and demands to be let down from Pop’s arms. She then walks toward the tree, telling the spirits in it to “[g]o home” (284). The ghosts initially don’t respond, but when Kayla begins to sing, they “smile with something like relief, something like remembrance, something like ease” (284). As Jojo picks Kayla up and goes inside, he hears voices saying, “Home” (285).
The climax of the novel centers on two deaths: Richie’s and Mam’s. At first glance, these deaths may seem entirely dissimilar. Despite Richie’s vengeful presence, Mam’s passing is not ultimately what she earlier calls a “bad” one: It isn’t violent and is in fact framed as a choice Mam herself makes. Not surprisingly, then, both she and Given appear to be at peace by the time the novel ends. By contrast, Richie’s death is sudden and violent, and he remains stuck between this world and another even after he’s learned the truth about it.
In other ways, however, the two deaths are deeply interrelated. For one, their proximity to one another in the novel underscores Ward’s depiction of time as nonlinear: Events that take place several decades apart in normal human time occur in successive chapters of the book. Richie, of course, also tries to intervene in Mam’s death, further highlighting the ways that past and present coincide with and influence one another in the world of the novel; in some sense, it is Richie’s response to his own death that sets Mam’s in motion, as Leonie hurries to recite the litany before Richie can claim Mam for himself.
Perhaps the most important connection, however, concerns the motivations of those involved. Both Mam’s death and Richie’s are mercy killings carried out at great cost to the “killer”: Leonie sets aside her own grief to spare her mother further pain, and Pop stabs Richie to prevent him from being lynched. In this way, they actually function as extensions of the kind of caretaking that elsewhere in the novel helps to keep characters alive. In certain circumstances, Ward suggests, the most selfless and loving action may actually be to take a life.
This, however, is an idea that both Richie and Jojo struggle to grasp. Just as Jojo lashes out at Leonie for the role she played in Mam’s death, Richie responds to Pop’s story with anger and horror: His desire to claim Mam as his own mother is born partly out of his “hung[er] for love” (265), but also out of “vengeful[ness]” (264)—that is, a desire to hurt Pop by taking Mam from him. By the end of the novel, both Jojo and Richie seem to have made some sort of peace with the events of Chapters 13 and 14—Jojo, at least, says he “understands” (279) Leonie better than he once did. Nevertheless, the fact that Richie has not been able to travel across the water implies that he is still to some extent enmeshed in the anger and injustice of his past.
With that said, the novel’s ending isn’t an entirely hopeless one. As the ghosts’ response to her indicates, Kayla seems to represent hope for the future. Ward describes Kayla’s physical appearance as a fusion of her parents’ and grandparents’ traits into a unified whole: “[S]he takes all the pieces of everybody and holds them together” (284). The implication is that Kayla can perhaps similarly reconcile the violence and division that characterize both her own ancestry and the history of America as a whole. Her song therefore offers the spirits a glimpse of an existence that isn’t defined by the pain of the past—that is, a glimpse of the love and harmony of the heaven Richie has been trying to reach. It is also worth remembering that in the context of the novel’s depiction of time, these “flashes” of the song and the place “beyond the waters” are more significant than they might initially seem (281). If time is nonlinear, it makes little sense to think of heaven or home as places that mark the end of a journey, but rather as places that people perhaps must find over and over again.
By Jesmyn Ward