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60 pages 2 hours read

Paola Mendoza, Abby Sher

Sanctuary

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 2020

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Chapters 11-15Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 11 Summary

On Vali and Ernie’s 10th day of walking, they arrive in New York City, which is more crowded than what they are used to, making Vali feel safer because she and Ernie attract little to no attention. They buy some water and snacks. A shopkeeper warns Vali that the system upgrade will go into effect soon, as if he senses that her chip is fake.

Mami wrote down Sister Lottie’s church’s address, which is in Queens. Vali and Ernie board a subway train, planning to transfer to a different line at Times Square. Vali feels safe because so many different languages are being spoken; consequently, she falls asleep, causing them to miss their transfer stop. They get off and see a carousel, which Vali allows Ernie to ride several times to cheer him up.

Chapter 12 Summary

The following morning, Vali and Ernie take the subway to a stop in Queens, then locate Sister Lottie’s church. Sister Lottie, a church preschool teacher, answers the door, then offers them food and water. Other undocumented immigrants are hiding out in the church as well. After they eat, Sister Lottie gives Vali and Ernie fresh clothes, and they wash up in the bathrooms. Ernie asks if Mami is coming, and Vali says they’ll see. That evening, they sleep in the pews of the church.

Chapter 13 Summary

Sister Lottie promises to help Vali and Ernie to the best of her ability, although she can’t promise a positive outcome. She is confused that Ernie thinks Mami will be meeting them until Vali explains she misled Ernie to keep him walking. They eat breakfast, then prepare to leave for the day to avoid notice during the church’s usual activities; the undocumented immigrants can’t come back until the evening. The only alternative to going out for the day is hiding in a broom closet, so Vali and Ernie decide to go out. Sister Lottie instructs them not to speak to strangers or to the other immigrants from the church; they cannot appear to know each other, or this might raise suspicions. Sister Lottie gives them some snacks to pack.

Vali does her best to distract Ernie from his expectations to find Mami. They see a man from the church collecting cans and bottles, and Vali explains to Ernie that he can get money if he finds enough of them and returns them to a recycling machine. Vali takes Ernie to a playground. While Ernie plays, Vali overhears two women speaking Spanish, discussing how a “coyote” could transport them to California. Coyotes are often the best bet for safe passage, but they are a risk since the people being transported cannot safely report any wrongdoings the coyote may commit.

Although she knows the risk of speaking to strangers, Vali asks one of the women how she can find a coyote. The woman says it costs $5,000 per person; if Vali goes that route, she should be careful. Vali and Ernie return to the church; Ernie is still confused about how long they have to stay here without Mami.

The following day, Vali and Ernie collect cans and bottles. Vali sets a goal of $50, but they only make $7. Over a few days, they still don’t raise nearly enough for a coyote. Vali does not tell Ernie that this is why they are raising money. One day, they see DF officers outside the church and run, which makes the DF officers follow them. They retreat back into the church and hide in a closet. The DF officers knock on the locked church door and demand to search the premises. Sister Lottie says the church is a sanctuary and they cannot come inside. The DF agents leave but promise they will be back.

Vali admits to Ernie that Mami is not going to meet them and that she has no idea where Mami is or how to help her. Vali asks Sister Lottie about coyotes. Sister Lottie confirms that she knows how to contact them. She warns Vali that coyotes are dangerous and unpredictable, and that DF presence is even more dense near California. She offers to pay for their passage to California via coyote, but does not explain how a preschool teacher at a church has overnight access to $10,000.

Chapter 14 Summary

In the middle of the night, Sister Lottie walks Vali and Ernie to their coyote driver’s truck. They get in the cargo section, which is full of cow carcasses and several other undocumented immigrants. The other passengers include people of all ages from a variety of countries, speaking different languages. A four-year-old named Tomas is riding with his mother, Rosa, and his baby sister Guadalupe. Tomas is friendly and talkative, and doesn’t stop talking when the driver pulls over, presumably to use the restroom. A man who Vali nicknames “Volcanoman” fusses at Tomas to stop speaking. Vali offers to play “super ninja” with Tomas, which means they must be silent while passing around Ernie’s soccer ball. Ernie befriends Tomas and the group stays in the truck for what might be days; they can’t tell how much time passes because it is dangerous to use their phones.

Later, the truck stops again, but this time, the passengers hear voices outside. A DF agent wants to search the back of the truck. The driver shoots the DF agent, killing him, then opens the back of the truck.

Chapter 15 Summary

The coyote driver, Jorge, was supposed to drive the group to Scutter, Oklahoma, where they would transfer to a different truck driven by a different man named BJ, who would shuttle them the rest of the way to California. Now that Jorge has murdered a DF officer to avoid getting caught, he is curtailing the rest of the trip. He requires the passengers to leave the truck. Everyone protests because they all paid him a large sum of cash for safe passage, but Jorge threatens them with his gun. They are about 60 miles from Scutter, Oklahoma, and they need to travel southwest to reach that destination. Jorge abandons them and the others debate what to do.

Vali checks their current location on her phone and uses the address Jorge left them to map out the best route. Some people want to take the deceased DF agent’s car and drive the rest of the way, but others (including Vali and Volcanoman) think this would be too dangerous, because the authorities will be looking for the car. The immigrants split into two groups. Vali, Ernie, Volcanoman, Rosa, Tomas, baby Guadalupe, and a teenage boy named Malakas set out on foot, planning to walk the 61 miles southwest along Route 44 to Scutter.

Chapters 11-15 Analysis

This section begins to reveal more ironies in the conflicts Vali faces. Though she valiantly soldiers onward to get to the relative safety of New York City, upon arriving, she quickly realizes neither the church nor the city itself is entirely safe because the DF is increasing its presence there. Vali decides, however, that it is still safer than Vermont. This isn’t because the laws are different, but rather because there are so many people, and many of them are immigrants. This makes it easier for Vali and Ernie to blend in with crowds without attracting attention. The multitude of languages spoken there also provides cover, while in Vermont, with far fewer individuals speaking Spanish, Mami forbade them from speaking the language in order to help them evade detection. In these ways, safety is shown to be not an absolute concept, but a gradient. For undocumented immigrants, no place in the US is completely safe, but some places are safer or more dangerous than others. In another ironic turn, the relative safety of places also shifts over time; for example, Mami moved the family out of California because it used to be more dangerous for them, but a few years later, California has become the safest possible place for them.

Traditionally, churches are sanctuaries where anyone is allowed to harbor when they are in trouble, without fear of persecution. In Sanctuary, Sister Lottie turns the church she works at into a sanctuary for undocumented immigrants, allowing numerous people to sleep there each night. She also feeds them and gives them supplies. Even the DF respects the sanctuary of the church to some degree, at least for the time being: After seeing Vali and Ernie run inside, they do not force down the door or search the premises without a warrant, although they are allowed to make arrests and search private properties without warrants. Still, Vali can’t trust that the DF will never search the church, so she decides it is time to leave. Although churches often serve as sanctuaries, Vali knows she cannot trust every church that they randomly walk by. For example, in Connecticut, they see a church, but they can’t risk going inside because Vali does not know what the congregants are like. Vali only feels comfortable trusting the sanctuary of Sister Lottie’s church, which has been vetted by Mami.

This section introduces the concept of coyote transports, a crucial plot choice which provides Vali with a realistic if highly risky potential path westward. Coyotes are people who usher undocumented immigrants across borders or to their destinations. Some coyote drivers use truck with cargo space that several people can hide inside of. If crossing a border, the driver must have the proper credentials to get across without detection. Ushering undocumented immigrants across borders or throughout the nation is illegal, so these drivers take a significant risk by providing this service. For this reason, the service is expensive; it is also fraught with danger because coyotes cannot be trusted to treat those who pay them humanely. Passengers are largely at the mercy of the coyote, with no option to notify authorities if the coyote commits a crime against them. When Jorge kills a DF officer and abandons the group 60 miles from their destination, the immigrants are helpless to act against him because going to the authorities would result in their own arrest.

Overall, the events in this section convey how complete safety seems out of reach for Vali and Ernie; safety is instead conditional, relative, and full of risks. Vali’s wariness and fear over safety exhaust her, but she realizes she has little option but to keep moving forward. In this way the development of the theme The Importance of Resilience in the Face of Adversity becomes more evident in these chapters.

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