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54 pages 1 hour read

Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins

Of One Blood: Or, the Hidden Self

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1902

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Chapters 20-24Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 20 Summary

Content Warning: This section contains accounts of enslavement, with implications of sexual violence and incest.

The story of the boating accident is revealed in full. When Aubrey, Molly, and Dianthe capsized in the boat, Aubrey shook off Molly in order to save Dianthe, but not before catching a final glimpse of Molly’s body rising to the surface. He leaves Dianthe in a nearby cottage, then stumbles back to the river to be “found.” Dianthe once again experiences amnesia, making her even more susceptible to Aubrey’s manipulation. Believing that Reuel has died, she marries Aubrey and goes with him to the Livingston estate in Maryland.

Aubrey is obsessed with Dianthe, but she remains in her room, silent and sorrowful. Aubrey asks if she is seeing the spirits of Reuel and his fellow travelers, but Dianthe speaks instead of the woman who signed the Bible; Aubrey is able to see the inscription. When Aubrey leaves, he unintentionally leaves behind a letter from Jim Titus reporting that his attempts to kill Reuel have failed. Dianthe realizes that Reuel is alive and she has become a bigamist. She wishes that Aubrey would die. The name of a nearly-undetectable poison comes to her mind, as if someone had whispered it in her ear.

Dianthe’s life with Aubrey goes on, but she feels hopeless. Her mind is also troubled by “hypnotic experiments.” She senses her own doom and feels she cannot escape her fate.

Chapter 21 Summary

Dianthe wanders into the woods, lost in thought and sorrow. She wonders how to escape from Aubrey. She loses her way and comes across Aunt Hannah’s cabin. Aunt Hannah says she knew Dianthe’s mother and calls Dianthe “Mira’s gal.” She relates the old story of the family. Hannah was enslaved by the Livingstons and had several children by the master, old Livingston. Mira was the only child she managed to keep. Years later, old Livingston’s son, Aubrey’s father, enslaved Mira. She gave birth to a son, Reuel. Dianthe startles and asks Hannah if she knows where he is. She responds that she saw him a year ago and he supports her financially. Hannah goes on, saying that Mira also gave birth to a beautiful daughter. It was Dianthe, and Hannah is her grandmother. Dianthe is shocked at the realization that Reuel is her brother. Hannah says that such things were common during Black people’s enslavement. When Livingston’s new wife, a white Southern woman, learned the family secrets, she sent Mira away. She tells Dianthe to leave Aubrey, as he is her half-brother. Hannah says that Mira’s children all have a lotus-lily birthmark. Dianthe faints from the shock. When she comes to, she thinks of the horrifying situation. She starts for the Livingston house, feeling hopeless and desperate.

Chapter 22 Summary

For days, Dianthe remains isolated in her room. Her childhood memories return. She recalls her days as a student, the prizes she won, her time with the singers, critical praise of her voice, her travels in Europe, and the music that touched her soul. Days later, Dianthe gets out and spends time with Aubrey. She even sings when Aubrey asks her.

Aubrey awakes early feeling dazed. Dianthe enters his room and changes his glass of water for a glass containing poison. Aubrey seizes her and forces her to drink the liquid herself. Aubrey bids her an ironic farewell, and she responds by wishing God has “mercy on [their] guilty souls” (170).

Chapter 23 Summary

In the morning, Aubrey wakes up and eats breakfast as usual. Then, he orders his attendant to pack his things and prepare the carriage. Dianthe sits alone in her room. She knows she is dying and fear seizes her. She believes, however, that “her spiritual person must survive the grave” (172). As she starts agonizing in her loneliness, Aunt Hannah comes to be by her side. Hannah promises to avenge her. Dianthe experiences severe pains but refuses any help. She is still waiting for Reuel to return. For a moment, she calms, and there are distant echoes of music and voices singing as “the welcome of ancient Ethiopia to her dying daughter of the royal line” (174). Dianthe rises and cries that she sees her Ethiopian ancestors and the ancient kings, the classic musicians and the masters of song, and feels they are calling her home.

Dianthe then hears the distant sound of wheels approaching, then footsteps, until Reuel enters the room. Dianthe runs to him, and he holds her until she dies in his arms.

Chapter 24 Summary

Aubrey wanders alone at midnight, wondering if Dianthe is alive. He hears a voice calling his name in his ears and thinks it is Dianthe’s. He sees two figures. One is Dianthe, and the other is Molly Vance. Aubrey heads to Dianthe’s room, where Reuel, Charlie, Ai, and Ababdis await. Aubrey is implicated in both Dianthe’s and Molly’s death, but avoids judicial punishment later thanks to a team of lawyers.

Reuel, Ai, Ababdis, and Aunt Hannah visit Aubrey in his study. Ai says that the will of the God of Ergamenes will be done. He walks around Aubrey chanting a song in his language, then stands facing him. Ai places Aubrey into a hypnotic state and whispers in his ear. Later, Charlie asks Ai if justice is done. Ai states: “Justice will be done” (180). Reuel says nothing.

Some days later, Aubrey’s body is found floating on the river where Molly died. Ai’s command in Aubrey’s ear was “death by thine own hand” (180). Aubrey killed himself following the traditional laws of Telassar, where murderers became their own executioners.

Reuel returns to the hidden city of Telassar, bringing his grandmother, Aunt Hannah, with him. He spends his days teaching people about what he learned from the modern world and reunites with the Queen. However, his memories remain. The sins of the past remain unsolved. Only God can solve the problem of prejudice and prove that people of all races are “of one blood” (181).

Chapters 20-24 Analysis

The final section leads the narrative towards its dramatic resolution. After Molly’s death, Aubrey subdues and exerts total control over Dianthe, telling her that Reuel is dead to get her to marry him instead. The theme of Addressing the Traumatic Historical Past is dominant as Dianthe learns for the first time about the history of her family through the story told by the marginalized and isolated Aunt Hannah. Aunt Hannah lives on the periphery of the Livingston property and reveals she is Dianthe’s and Reuel’s grandmother, and the mother of Mira. She unfolds the traumatic history of the family and the lasting impact of enslavement in Black people’s lives. Through Aunt Hannah’s narrative, Hopkins reveals the sexual abuse of white male enslavers against enslaved Black women, who bore their oppressors children. The history of enslavement reveals the complex boundaries between race and blood and indicates the social construction of race. Aunt Hannah describes how enslavement dehumanized Black people and disrupted familial relationships as well as identity and self-consciousness. Revealing the sibling relationship between Dianthe, Reuel, and Aubrey, Aunt Hannah states that such situations were frequent during the enslavement. Through Dianthe’s shocking realization, the text emphasizes that racial divide between Black and white people is a social construct: “No man can draw the dividing line between the two races, for they are both of one blood!” (165). The truth, however, does not liberate Dianthe, who must process the fact that the two men she married are her brother and half-brother. She remains alone to resist Aubrey’s power and feels hopeless. Her attempt to counterattack Aubrey by poisoning is ultimately futile, as he manages to poison her first.

Dianthe endures her suffering alone and faces her imminent death with a brave spirit. She has her grandmother’s company in some of her final moments of distress. For Dianthe, death becomes the only way to freedom for her suffering. The music motif recurs as Dianthe agonizes, as the “glorious echoes” of musical instruments indicate that art was Dianthe’s only form of expression. The theme of Black Women’s Quest for Liberation is evident towards the end of the story. Reuel is too late as he arrives just before Dianthe dies. As he was unable to comfort and help her throughout the story, her death brings the issue of Black women’s freedom into question. While Aubrey rediscovered his identity by learning his African heritage, his sister remained excluded and restricted by the power of a white man. Only death can reconnect her to her Ethiopian ancestors, who will embrace the “dying daughter of the royal line” in heaven (174).

Mysticism and the supernatural remain prevalent until the resolution of the story and are key in Aubrey’s final punishment. While trying to escape, Aubrey is led back to his home by the ghosts of Dianthe and Molly. Molly appears as a spirit for the first time, an innocent woman who also was a victim of Aubrey’s malevolent instincts. Reuel, Aunt Hannah, Ai, and Charlie seek justice, but Aubrey’s punishment does not happen by law. Ai employs his spiritual powers to punish Aubrey according to the Ethiopian tradition. His death, however, does not signify the end of Black people’s suffering. The theme of Decolonizing African American Identity emerges as Reuel returns to Africa to find peace. Despite Aubrey’s punishment, Reuel’s departure from America and Dianthe’s death leave the issue of racism open ended. Reuel still wonders about the future of Black people at home: “Where will it stop?” he sadly questions. “What will the end be?” (180). Hopkins, employing her argument on race and blood and the idea that all races are “of one blood,” indicates that humanity must prevail against racial prejudice.

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