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66 pages 2 hours read

Sigrid Undset

Kristin Lavransdatter

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1920

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Book 1, Part 3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Book 1, Part 3: “Lavrans Bjorgulfson”

Book 1, Part 3, Chapter 1 Summary

Kristin returns to her hometown. There, no one speaks about the end of her engagement. They treat her as they did before. Erlend has made tentative inquiries about a marriage through Kristin’s uncle. Ragnfrid, however, reveals to Kristin that Lavrans is not happy about the end of her engagement to Simon. Ragnfrid assures Kristin that Lavrans loves his daughter and that she does, too.

Book 1, Part 3, Chapter 2 Summary

Kristin turns 17. Her former fiancée, Simon Darre, is now betrothed to a wealthy older widow. Lavrans wishes that his daughter would give up her love for Erlend, and he tries to explain to her why he refused her request to marry such a dishonorable, impetuous man. Ragnfrid sides with her daughter, hinting to her husband that Kristin may choose love over honor and give herself to Erlend regardless of any marriage, causing a “great misfortune” for the family. As evidence, she tells him about her love for someone else, someone whom she met before she married Lavrans. Ragnfrid then prays for her husband, her daughter, and herself, while reconfirming her love for Lavrans.

Book 1, Part 3, Chapter 3 Summary

Erlend visits Aashild, his aunt who is renowned for her knowledge of magic and healing. He wants Aashild to help him to lure Kristin away from her family so he will be able to marry her in a secret ceremony and then run away to Sweden. Aashild reluctantly agrees. Kristin comes to Aashild’s farm, where she prepares to elope with Erlend. They are interrupted by the arrival of Eline, Erlend’s mistress and the wife of his former mentor. Erlend lived with Eline in sin, flouting law and honor by fathering two children with her. Eline reveals that her husband is now dead, allowing Erlend to marry her as honor demands and as he has promised. Eline offers Kristin a drink; Kristin, correctly deducing that the drink is poison, demands that Erlend choose between the two women. When Erlend tries to make Eline drink the poison, she draws his knife and tries to attack him. Instead, she stabs herself. Eline dies and Erlend quickly recruits Aashild’s husband Bjørn to lie on his behalf, creating a story in which Eline took her own life after a disagreement elsewhere. They take away the body to be buried in a church.

Book 1, Part 3, Chapter 4 Summary

Erlend and Kristin make their escape, but their plans for elopement are discarded. At Jørundgaard, the injured Ulvhild becomes increasingly sick. Her sickness forces Kristin to contemplate her own sins. When Ulvhild dies, Lavrans is distraught but solemn. Nothing he can say will convince Kristin to abandon her love for Erlend. He gradually changes his mind regarding Kristin’s betrothal.

Book 1, Part 3, Chapter 5 Summary

Erlend’s foster father and friend, Sir Munan Baardsøn and Sir Baard Petersøn of Hestnes, visit Lavrans to discuss the marriage. Lavrans reluctantly admits that their proposal is reasonable and, with a lingering hesitation, gives his approval. He shakes hands with the men on the condition that the betrothal “should last a year” (246).

Book 1, Part 3, Chapter 6 Summary

The betrothal does not fill Kristin with the joy that she had expected. One day, she meets her former betrothed, the now-married Simon. A short time later, she comes across Brother Edvin on the road. The old monk is terribly sick. She helps him to her home and tries to nurse him back to health. On his sick bed, he provides spiritual guidance to the local people. He recovers enough to make one last journey and to counsel Kristin one last time, but he dies in a monastery a short time later. His good deeds make him a candidate for sainthood. His death takes a great toll on Kristin, who considers herself a sinner. She feels “quite cut off from the person she had been” before she met Erlend (254).

Book 1, Part 3, Chapter 7 Summary

In spite of the wedding still being months away, Kristin reluctantly has sex with Erlend at his insistence and becomes pregnant. She feels nauseous and hides the pregnancy from everyone. The local church catches on fire during a storm. The people rush to save whatever is inside; Lavrans and Erlend recover many of the most valuable religious artefacts, putting their lives at risk to do so. Kristin fears that the destruction of the church bodes ominously for her wedding. When she goes to Sira Eirik, however, he criticizes her for being so prideful that she thinks her sins are important enough to warrant the destruction of the entire church. After his help during the fire, Lavrans warms to Erlend.

Book 1, Part 3, Chapter 8 Summary

Aashild notices that Kristin is pregnant but tells no one. As the wedding approaches, however, Kristin wrestles with her conscience. She does not know whether she can go through with the ceremony while pretending that she and Erlend have not sinned together. She speaks to Aashild about the pain and suffering that has been caused by her relationship with Erlend. On the day of the wedding, the ceremony seems almost like a hallucination. Kristin is beset by visions of Eline, prompting her to pray to Saint Olav to protect her unborn child. Kristin, wearing her “heavy” (274) ceremonial crown, forces herself through the wedding and the feast. Later, she and Erlend are led to the bed chamber to spend the night together. They both cry, weeping with relief that they are finally married. After, Lavrans and Ragnfrid talk in private. They note that Kristin did not seem nervous; they accept that Kristin likely did not wait until this night to have sex with Erlend. Lavrans regrets that he allowed his daughter to marry a dishonorable man, who will “squander more of her life and happiness” (284). He reflects on the nature of love and whether he has ever loved anyone. The marriage between himself and Ragnfrid was arranged by their parents. Ragnfrid admits that she struggled to love her husband, though Lavrans has always been good to her. She admits to Lavrans that—like Kristin—she “wasn’t a maiden” (288) when they were wed. Lavrans is surprised that his wife was not a virgin, but he forgives her.

Book 1, Part 3 Analysis

When Erlend convinces a reluctant Kristin to have sex with him again before their wedding day, he betrays Lavrans’s trust. Kristin becomes pregnant, giving the wedding ceremony heightened importance as a performance of moral correctness for the sake of honor: It is crucial that they be married well before the baby is born in order to avoid intense social disapproval. Book 1 of Kristin Lavransdatter is titled The Wreath, referring to the floral crown that Kristin wears during the ceremony. In terms of the wedding ceremony, the wreath represents her virginity and purity. The wreath has a symbolic value for the guests at the wedding, but it means something entirely different to Kristin. Because of The Vanity of Sin and Guilt, the wreath feels unnaturally heavy to her. The crown weighs her down with the sense of guilt she feels for having deceived everyone. At this early stage in her life, Kristin deeply concerned with the question of her own goodness. She wants to be free from sin, and she is continually tormented by her sense that she has failed to live up to her own moral standards. The contrast between the social significance of the wreath and the wreath’s personal significance to Kristin illustrates the performative nature of morality in this society. The performance of purity is more important than the purity itself, Kristin realizes, which undermines her faith in the morality of the society. The Cost of Honor is that she must violate her private morality in order to appear moral in the eyes of others, only deepening her sense of guilt. Though she fears that the performance will be unsuccessful—that she will be condemned when she gives birth only a few months after the wedding—she now understands that she will be judged by a hypocritical society in which performance means much more than reality.

After the wedding ceremony, Lavrans and Ragnfrid have the opportunity to talk. Their marriage has been successful enough. Despite their many personal traumas and the difficulty posed by Kristin’s recent actions, they have built a good life with one another. Their marriage may not have been based on passionate love, but they are both good people, trying to do what is best for themselves and their family. They are partners in this sense, even if they never fell in love at first sight. For the first time, however, they are able to speak frankly about their marriage. They admit the difficulties that they have faced together and describe the extent to which these difficulties have bound them together. This, too, illustrates the emphasis on performance in the society. Ragnfrid loved another man. Like her daughter, she was not a maiden when she married. Nevertheless, she played her role. To outsiders, their marriage is the model of Christian devotion. Even their tragedies have convinced people of their piety, as they have suffered through the deaths of numerous infants by placing their faith in God. Their struggles are hidden, their devotion is evident. The marriage is not perfect, but—importantly—it appears perfect from the outside. This model marriage, against which all others are judged, is not nearly as perfect as it seems from the outside. Through this conversation, however, Lavrans and Ragnfrid continue to build the trust and honesty that deepens their affection for one another. They are still working on their relationship on the evening of their eldest daughter’s marriage.

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