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85 pages 2 hours read

Roger Lancelyn Green

King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1953

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Book 1, Chapters 1-4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Book 1: “The Coming of Arthur”

Book 1, Chapter 1 Summary: “The Two Swords”

The book opens with a description of Britain’s troubled history with the Saxons. King Uther Pendragon brings only temporary peace before the country falls back into chaos. The wizard Merlin organizes a gathering on Christmas Day, when a sword driven into an anvil appears as a test to find God’s chosen king. Unable to remove the sword, the knights set up a tournament for New Year’s Day. A 16-year-old Arthur easily removes the sword, wanting the weapon for his brother, Sir Kay. Arthur proves the feat to the knights, and Sir Ector claims Arthur is the true king. Arthur is the natural son of Uther Pendragon, but Ector raised him in secret when Merlin foresaw Arthur’s great future. Arthur pledges to be a virtuous king.

Arthur gathers followers and establishes his capital in Camelot. Under threat from some unhappy minor kings, Merlin moves Arthur to Caerleon, Wales. Merlin shares the blessings Arthur received in his infancy from the Dwellers of Avalon, and the people accept him as the king who will bring peace and unity to Britain. While they feast, a squire demands vengeance for his lord, Sir Miles, who was killed by King Pellinore. Arthur bestows knighthood on Gryfelt, an eager young man, who meets Pellinore and challenges him. Pellinore gravely injures the fresh knight and sends him back to Arthur.

Infuriated, Arthur seeks out Pellinore himself, ignoring Merlin’s warnings. Pellinore breaks Arthur’s sword, but before he lands the final blow, Merlin enchants the man into a deep, peaceful sleep. Merlin brings Arthur to the Lake of the Fairy Place to replace his sword with Excalibur, the magical sword of Avalon. Arthur is destined to use the sword to create God’s kingdom on earth before being slain in his last battle, and as long as he wears the scabbard he will lose little blood even if he is struck in battle. The Lady of the Lake offers Excalibur to Arthur in exchange for a future gift, and Arthur retrieves the sword and its jeweled scabbard. Though Arthur would like to try to battle Pellinore with this new sword, Merlin convinces him not to because eventually King Pellinore’s sons, Tor and Lamorak, will become two of the bravest of Arthur’s knights. As he and Merlin return to Caerleon, Pellinore passes them by but does not notice them because he is still under Merlin’s enchantment. The knights celebrate Arthur’s return and his brave adventure.

Book 1, Chapter 2 Summary: “Balyn and Balan”

Arthur receives a threat from the cruel King Ryon and prepares for battle. A woman appears with a sword stuck in a scabbard—stolen from the Lady of the Lake—and seeks a worthy knight to remove it. Balyn, an unassuming knight who had only recently been released from prison for killing one of Arthur’s cousins, pulls the cursed sword out and refuses to return it even when the woman tells him he will kill his best friend and the man he loves most with the sword. The Lady of the Lake arrives to demand her sword and Balyn’s head as her gift from Arthur, but Balyn beheads her. Arthur banishes Balyn from Logres and says he is not a true knight unless he can do some noble deed to redeem himself. Balyn flees in shame but with the intention of killing King Ryon to regain Arthur’s favor. Balyn is followed by the avenging Sir Launceor. Balyn slays Launceor, and Launceor’s lover then dies by suicide in grief. Joined by his brother Balan, Balyn ambushes Ryon with Merlin’s help. Arthur marches to the battle of Castle Tarabil where the brothers wait. They help Arthur fight Ryon’s 12 kings and win after Pellinore returns to kill the final king, Lot of Orkney.

Arthur continues spreading peace across Britain with his knights. Balyn asks for a quest, and Arthur sends him after a secretive, sorrowful knight. Balyn finds the fearful knight riding with a woman and persuades him to return to Arthur. At Arthur’s pavilion, the invisible knight Garlon kills the sorrowful knight. Balyn swears to avenge the knight, takes up his quest, and returns to the woman. Garlon kills another knight on Balyn’s journey to Castle Meliot. The men of Meliot take the woman to heal their mistress—which she cannot do—while Balyn and the Knight of Meliot plan to find Garlon. Balyn stabs Garlon at a feast in Castle Carbonek, provoking King Pelles to seek justice against Balyn.

As King Pelles pursues him through the castle, Balyn stumbles upon the Holy Grail and the spear that wounded Jesus, but—overcome with anger—he uses the spear to strike Pelles. The Dolorous Stroke causes the castle to crumble, killing the guests and laying “waste [to] three counties” (45). Distraught, Balyn walks through the Waste Lands until he arrives at a castle. Custom demands he must fight the Knight of the River before he can rest. Balyn meets the knight—who is actually Balan—and they fight, wounding each other gravely. Balyn swoons when he discovers the knight’s true identity and mourns their tragedy. Before Balyn and Balan die, they entreat the lady of the castle to bury them together. Merlin finds Balyn’s cursed sword, places a new blade in its hilt, and drives the sword into a stone for a future worthy knight to find. Merlin recounts the tale to Arthur, who grieves for the unfortunate knights.

Book 1, Chapter 3 Summary: “The First Quest of the Round Table”

Returning to Camelot after bringing peace to Britain, Arthur falls in love and marries the beautiful Guinevere. Merlin presents the newlyweds with a magical Round Table for Arthur and his best knights. Arthur knights three new men—Gawain, Tor, and Pellinore—but the feast is interrupted by a small white hunting dog called a brachet and a pack of hounds that are chasing a white hart. Sir Abelleus, having been knocked over by the hart as it dodged the brachet’s bites, steals the brachet away, and an unknown knight forces Lady Nimue away. Arthur tasks the new knights with following the hart, Sir Abelleus, and Lady Nimue to prove their worthiness.

Accompanied by his brother Gaheris, Gawain follows the hart. On the way, he convinces two knights to surrender themselves to Arthur’s court, but he slays Sir Allardyne who refuses Gawain passage. At Sir Blamoure’s castle, the hounds kill the hart, and Blamoure kills the hounds in anger. Gawain entreats the lord to fight him instead. Blamoure fights “dirtily” and begs for mercy when he is overthrown. Gawain, enraged, goes to kill Blamoure, but accidentally kills his lady who shields Blamoure’s body. The knights of the castle imprison the shamed Gawain and Gaheris. Four ladies allow Gawain to do penance by carrying the slain lady’s body back to Camelot.

Tor follows Abelleus and the white brachet. A little person forces Tor to fight two knights, and when he easily beats them, the little person begs to be Tor’s servant. The little person leads Tor to the brachet, which he takes as a token of his quest. Abelleus, also wanting the prize, fights Tor, refusing to yield when he is down. A lady asks Tor to behead Abelleus—who earlier mercilessly murdered her brother—which he does.

Pellinore quickly finds Nimue in the forest and speaks with the knights who fight over her. One man kills Pellinore’s horse, and in revenge Pellinore kills him. The other man, Sir Meliot, allows Nimue to leave with Pellinore, as he was also protecting her. Tor finds Pellinore in sorrow over a dead lady—his long-lost daughter Alyne—and her knight, who Pellinore ignored in his eagerness to follow his quest. The three knights return to Camelot and recount their sad tales. Merlin and Arthur establish the Order of Chivalry to prevent the knights from acting without virtue, an oath they renew yearly at Pentecost. Merlin and Nimue leave in preparation for Merlin’s long sleep.

Book 1, Chapter 4 Summary: “The Magic of Nimue and Morgana le Fay”

Arthur rides after Merlin, not wanting to lose his powerful advisor, but Merlin stoutly affirms his destiny. Following Lady Nimue through Gwynedd, Merlin speaks with King Pant and Queen Elaine about their son Launcelot, who is destined to join Arthur’s court. Nimue sings enchantments around Merlin, transforming a field into a magic tower that Merlin sleeps under until he is needed in the future.

Meanwhile, Arthur hunts with Sir Urience—Morgana le Fay’s husband—and Sir Accolon in the forest. When the hart they chase drops dead, the knights find a magical barge in the river. Seeking adventure, they embark on the boat where ladies treat them to a decadent feast and rich furnishings for sleep. The men all wake in different places: Urience in Camelot, Arthur in a dungeon, and Accolon next to a deep gorge. Morgana devises a plan to have Accolon mistakenly kill Arthur using a feud between Sir Damas and Sir Outlake as her cover. Morgana’s servants offer each man a reward for winning the battle—Arthur his freedom and Accolon Morgana’s hand in marriage—and they give the men each a sword that looks like Excalibur. The men, unable to identify each other, fight; when Arthur notices the difference in their wounds, he understands that his sword is a false copy. Using her magic, Nimue loosens the real scabbard and Excalibur from Accolon, allowing Arthur to turn the tide of the battle. The men stop fighting after discovering Morgana’s trickery.

Arthur creates peace between Outlake and Damas before journeying to an abbey to heal, but Accolon dies of his wounds. Morgana, back at Camelot, tries to slay Urience in his sleep, but her lady warns Prince Uwaine of the plot. Uwaine stops Morgana and makes her swear to never practice “dark” magic again. While fleeing, Morgana stops at the abbey, stealing Arthur’s magic scabbard once more. Arthur and Outlake chase her, but she has time to throw the scabbard in a lake and disguise herself as a stone. Arthur returns to Camelot. Morgana’s lady arrives with a gift of penance: an embroidered mantle. Arthur has the lady try it on, and the mantle magically incinerates her to ashes.

Book 1, Chapters 1-4 Analysis

Book 1 establishes why Britain needs a new king to unite their realm. Before Arthur, Britain is constantly at war with the “heathen Saxons” (25) because they want the “beautiful open country, […] little villages and towns” (3) all for themselves. The “savage” kings like Ryon rule their lands with fear, destroying anyone who disobeys them. The text distinguishes Britain as a “civilized” Christian nation that only needs a proper, noble leader to bring about its potential glory. When the lords hear Merlin’s prophecy about God’s kingdom on earth, Logres, that will span Britain, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Armorica, and Orkney, they readily follow Arthur as “true and faithful subjects all the days of their lives” (13). This section introduces the theme of British nationalism by infusing Britain’s real history of war with Arthur’s mythic history.

Arthur’s becoming in Book 1 follows a conventional hero’s journey plotline. This narrative arc involves a call to adventure, a series of trials, a decisive victory, and a transformation that benefits the hero’s community. By pulling the sword from the anvil, Arthur is thrust into the adventure of becoming king. Arthur’s initial trials involve gaining followers and defeating the minor kings who go against him. As is common in a hero’s journey, Arthur has magical mentors—Merlin and Nimue—to guide him, and he receives the mystical gift of Excalibur to help with his task. The sword also doubles as a symbol of his divinely chosen position. Arthur’s decisive victory against the 12 kings and the Saxons helps bring peace to his citizens. Throughout this journey, Arthur transforms from a naive teenage boy into a great king to whom lords and citizens happily dedicate themselves. The conventional plot arc determines Arthur’s status as Britain’s hero and savior.

Book 1 introduces other central themes of the narrative. The first theme is fate. Merlin knows “of the things which should befall when [Arthur] was King” (11) well before Arthur is born, and he sees up to Arthur’s defeat on the Plain of Camlann. Merlin’s prophecies foreshadow the major events of the book, like the coming of Launcelot in Book 2 and his and Guinevere’s betrayal in Book 4. A prophecy that comes true within Book 1 is Balyn’s tragic fate to curse Castle Carbonek and kill his brother. Merlin and the Lady of the Lake foresee that “that sword shall be [Balyn’s] own destruction” (28), but he refuses to believe them. The events coming to pass by the end of Chapter 2 show that a person’s fate cannot be changed. The second theme is The Overpowering Nature of Sin, which causes the characters to act rashly in critical moments. Gryfelt, Balyn, Gawain, and Pellinore all display pridefulness in their eagerness for adventure, and their quickness to seek battles brings pain to others and shame to themselves.

This section also introduces the symbols of the Holy Grail and the Round Table, which reappear throughout the story. In Chapter 2, Balyn enters the Grail Chapel despite a mysterious voice telling him, “Enter not into this room, for you are unworthy!” (43) Balyn’s destructive punishment for defying this wish reveals the specific condition of the Grail that only the worthiest, purest knights can obtain it. Castle Carbonek, which houses the Grail, becomes an important setting in the book that reveals itself to only the best knights. In Chapter 3, Merlin gifts Arthur the Round Table and explains its significance: “I will set a table here in the hall which shall be the center of the glory of Logres, a table whose fame shall live while the world endures” (53). The Round Table reminds the knights of their duty to protect the citizens of Logres and bring honor to the realm. Each new quest begins at the Round Table, and the knights periodically renew their oaths in its presence.

As Green states in the introduction, Arthurian stories are “retold from age to age” (xiv) to find new meanings. Green writes specifically for a child audience, and children’s literature conventionally infuses moral lessons into its exciting tales. The explicitly instructional element emerges in Chapter 3 on the new knights’ quests. Gawain and Tor’s quests teach about acting with temperance and about forgiving those who repent. For going to strike Blamoure when he begs to be spared, Gawain learns the “cruelest lesson” (70) when he kills his lady and must bear her body in public shame. As Arthur’s realm is Christian, forgiveness is a godly virtue, and even sinners like Blamoure deserve mercy when they show remorse. Tor’s quest follows this rule as well, but Abelleus refuses to repent for his crimes; therefore, Tor freely gives justice to the murderer. Pellinore’s quest teaches to help people in need over seeking personal glory. By ignoring the pleas of the crying lady, Pellinore leaves the lady and her lover to die. To enhance the tragedy, the lady turns out to be Pellinore’s long lost daughter. The misdeeds of the knights make Arthur create the Order of Chivalry—an oath of virtue that even readers can follow.

Chapter 4 sets up the motif of magic and its division along the lines of good and evil through Nimue and Morgana. Nimue’s magic, like Merlin’s, helps Arthur and his knights fulfill their destiny of creating Logres. Nimue helps Arthur retrieve Excalibur and the magic scabbard, saving his life just in time. Nimue also secures Merlin’s destiny through her enchanted singing by “[weaving] great magic round about him” (74) that protects him while he sleeps. Nimue can use her magic because her intentions are selfless and because the citizens have a great respect for the mysterious Isle of Avalon. The text views Morgana’s magic as “evil” because she has selfish aims of overthrowing Arthur. Morgana uses illusions as traps, such as the barge that lulls Arthur, Urience, and Accolon into a dangerously transportive sleep. Morgana claims her magic comes from “fiends of darkness” (86), unlike Nimue and Merlin’s “holy arts” (11). Morgana breaks her oath on the Holy Sacrament by stealing Arthur’s scabbard and sending him a bewitched mantle, demonstrating how “dark” magic easily tempts people back into sin.

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