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48 pages 1 hour read

Richard Wagamese

Keeper'n Me

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1994

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Book 4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Book 4, Pages 223-238 Summary

Garnet realizes the importance of land. Keeper tells him that “the Indian problem is really a land problem” (223). The reserve system was made to benefit the whites and not the Indigenous tribes. Indigenous people still claim their land because they want to protect their connection to it. Garnet learns that land is sacred and central to the Indigenous worldview.

Garnet decides to travel across the lake and spends four days living in the land alone. He was born on the other side of the lake where the family’s traditional land is and where his grandfather used to trap. Garnet enjoys nature’s “beautiful silence” that connects people to themselves and to life. He goes to his birth place to find home. Before leaving, Keeper gives him instructions on how to pray with a “tobacco offering” to the land. With this prayer, Garnet will give thanks for everything that the land offers and remind himself to be humble and respectful. Traveling across the lake early in the morning, Garnet feels like flying.

Keeper did the same when he was young, following Harold’s advice. Each morning, Keeper saw two eagles up on a tree watching him. On the fourth day, the eagles appeared soaring above him as he crossed the lake. Keeper felt happy and always remembers the two eagles. Harold then gave him two eagle feathers. He told him that the eagles were a sign about living in inner balance with “man side and woman side” (237). When Garnet travels across the lake, it reminds Keeper of his youth.

Book 4, Pages 239-258 Summary

On his first night on his grandpa’s old trapline, Garnet feels powerless, realizing the true power of nature. He starts to love it much more than city life. The next morning, he finds the remains of his grandfather’s old cabin. Garnet experiences a flow of emotions. He imagines the faces of his ancestors and his childhood, and he hears “voices from a history that got removed” (245). He realizes that this sacred place is the part of himself he was searching for and his place of prayer. Garnet knows that he must carry it in his heart always, as “land […] is a feeling” (245).

The place feels familiar for Garnet and he knows what to do to survive. On his second night, he concentrates on listening to the land and its “heartbeat.” He begins to feel safe, knowing that he is part of it. Later, he has dream of two eagles watching him while on a canoe on the lake. The two eagles transform into a man and a woman wearing ceremonial clothing and two eagle feathers in their heads. Then, they fly away, transforming into birds again.

Garnet notes that seeking a vision through dreams and prayer is an old tradition. A vision quest was a four-day ritual during which young men would be sent on the hills for four days to pray. Sometimes they would have visions, which would be personal and sacred to them as guidance for their life. Garnet knows that he must talk to an elder such as Keeper about his dream.

On the third day, Garnet makes the tobacco offerings, starting his prayer. He follows Keeper’s instructions to focus with his body, mind, and spirit. He smudges himself with smoke to reconnect with his own heartbeat and ultimately with the world around him. His thinks of his past life, his homecoming, and the things for which he is grateful. When he smudges again, he sees an eagle on top of a tree. Later, he finds a feather in the branches—a symbol of honor. Home begins to mean more to Garnet.

Book 4, Pages 259-280 Summary

Keeper knew that Garnet was ready to take the trip and complete the ceremony. A tobacco offering is an “individual thing” because it is personal. Being alone in nature, people find the “humility and respect” necessary for prayer and ceremony (260). Living in nature, people realize that the land has “real power” that helps them find their own. Keeper thinks that young people must grow up learning how to be a part of the tribe through respect and humility, realizing how actions affect everyone.

Garnet returns home, finding his family waiting for him. Jackie tells him that he is “lookin’ jake,” meaning good. Garnet tells them that the place felt like home. His mother explains that that land was the first thing about which his father and grandfather taught Garnet as a kid. They used to take him along while trapping and talked about Ojibwe stories and traditions.

Garnet tells Keeper about the eagle feather and his dream. Keeper says that the eagle is a powerful symbol and dreams might take a long time to think about. He explains that two eagles turning into a man and a woman symbolize the ancestors and tradition. Keeper notes that to be a true Anishinaabe, Garnet must be whole and complete by embracing his male and female side. The eagle feather will always remind him of the teachings. Keeper gives Garnet the two eagle feathers that Harold gifted him. They embrace, and Garnet realizes his profound connection with Keeper. His mother tells him that the Creator sent Keeper on Garnet’s path.

Everyone learns that Garnet earned an eagle feather. The community decides to organize a feast to honor Garnet. Garnet does not understand, and Alice explains that a feast is a way for the community to celebrate and be together.

Book 4, Pages 281-308 Summary

The community prepares for the feast, which feels like a “cultural revival.” Stanley tells Garnet that his example is important, as he showed the others how Ojibwe tradition can help a person. Garnet is surprised, and Jackie explains that following the tradition is doing what feels right.

Keeper notes that a feast brings the community together and reminds them that they “need each other” (285). A feast is also about “remembering.” Everyone sits in a big circle, and the elders pray. Then, the young start serving the people. They start with the elder men and women, then they feed the women and children. Keeper says that the sharing of responsibility reminds people that they are equals.

Song and drums play when Garnet arrives with his family at the feast. Many people have gathered, including relatives from nearby reserves. Chief Isaac arrives with Keeper and an elder named Lazarus, a leader and teacher. They all stand up, and Lazarus starts the prayer in Ojibwe while Keeper burns cedar. At the end of the ceremony, Lazarus shakes Garnet’s hands, telling him that he was friends with his grandfather and knew his father. He says that they would be proud of Garnet. He advices Garnet to listen to Keeper as he still has things to learn. He also says that his dream is key to his life path. Lazarus stresses that the people must “[m]ake a good story of [their] life” to live forever “in the hearts of [their] relatives” (296). Garnet thinks of being a storyteller.

The community gives Garnet gifts. He is nervous but realizes more about ceremonial processes. His mother is proud of him and tells him that he is now part of the community and will always be. As a present, she gives him the clothes that he was wearing the day of his return. She remade them to resemble a ceremonial ribbon shirt. The feast ends, and Garnet tells Keeper that he loves him. Keeper says the same. Completing his journey to the path of the Anishinaabe, Garnet feels like a whole human being.

Five years after his return home, Garnet continues learning and still spends time with his guide, Keeper. Keeper advises him to be a storyteller and tell the world the truth about “Indians.”

Book 4 Analysis

The theme of The Power of Connection to the Land is dominant in the final part of the book, as Garnet embarks on a ceremonial trip to his ancestral land that completes his journey as a character in the story. Through Keeper, Garnet realizes that land is central to Indigenous identity and in the political conflict with the state. The text illustrates the Indigenous perspective on land. Garnet notes that Indigenous land claims intend to protect the people’s connection with it as it is central in their worldview:

They just wanna protect their connection. Land is the most sacred thing in the Indian way of seeing. It’s where life comes from and all the teachings and philosophy that kept Indians alive through everything that happened to them all over all these years comes from the land. Lose that connection you lose yourself, according to most people around here. Lose that connection you lose that feeling of being a part of something that’s bigger than everything (224).

These philosophical musings that Wagamese imbues into the text reflect the project of colonialism as a whole, which combines land theft with cultural destruction—that is, loss of “that feeling of being part of something that’s bigger than everything.” Garnet embarks on a four-day journey to the land of his birth across the lake, depicting a reclamation of land and culture. Garnet knows that this trip will complete his homecoming.

Again, Keeper guides him into the ceremony, advising him to prepare for prayer before his first trip. Garnet will practice a “tobacco offering” and pray as a sign of gratitude and humility: “Might take you long time. Should. But you take as long as you need, give thanks for everythin’. When you’re done you’ll feel real good an’ you’ll treat everyone an’ everything with lotsa love an’ respect” (231). Tobacco is now more readily associated with capitalism and consumption, so by depicting Garnet “offering” tobacco to the land rather than taking it and feeling “thanks” and “love and respect” instead of greed, he portrays a model of connecting to land that is not simply extractive.

After this tobacco offering, Wagamese connects Keeper and Garnet with the motif of the two eagles, which symbolize their journey toward achieving inner balance and peace: “Told me them two eagles were signs to me about livin’ in balance with them two sets of gifts. Mother’s and the father’s. […] Man side and woman side” (237). Both men saw two eagles during their stay in nature, a powerful symbol in Ojibwe culture that indicates a common path in their lives. Garnet’s dream depicts an image of humanity that emphasizes gender equality. Reflecting Keeper’s teaching about the inner balance of the male and female side, it indicates the equality between men and women as a central value in Anishinaabe culture.

The theme of Indigenous Healing Through Storytelling and Community recurs as the feast completes Garnet’s long journey of coming home. The feast symbolizes “cultural revival” and the communal bond of the Ojibwe. The community honors Garnet’s courage in overcoming cultural loss and finding the way back to his roots. Keeper grants him Harold’s eagle feather and drum, as a symbol of cultural understanding and heritage. Ultimately, Garnet’s quest to find himself is a quest for healing after the traumatic experience of colonialism. Garnet familiarizes himself with the participatory process of the feast, which emphasizes sharing and service over consumption, realizing that it strengthens the bond of the community. Garnet has now become part of the Ojibwe, overcoming years of loss and trauma.

Keeper reminds Garnet of the power of storytelling: “Stories get told about us when we’re gone. Part of us gonna be alive in the hearts of our relatives years’n years from now” (296). This again is a metafictional reference to the aims of the text; when the diegetic story ends, the novel begins, as Garnet (representing Wagamese) decides to tell his story in book form. Garnet’s story and Keeper’s teachings demonstrate how Indigenous people survived through a long history of erasure and trauma, reclaiming their humanity.

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