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43 pages 1 hour read

Jason Stanley

How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them

Nonfiction | Book | Adult | Published in 2018

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Key Figures

Jason Stanley

The author of How Fascism Works, Jason Stanley, is the Jacob Urowsky Professor of Philosophy at Yale University, where he also teaches at Yale Law School. He holds a PhD from the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy at MIT. He has held permanent academic positions at Cornell University, The University of Michigan, and Rutgers University before accepting a position at Yale.

Prior to How Fascism Works, Stanley wrote four books. These touch on topics including propaganda, the acquisition of practical “know how,” linguistics, and philosophy.

His concern about fascism is not purely academic. Stanley is a Jewish descendant of a grandfather apparently lost in the Nazi concentration camps and heir to a moving story of resistance to fascist hatred.

As Stanley discusses at several points in the summarized work, his paternal grandmother, Ilse Stanley, escaped Nazi Germany with his father, then a child, in tow. A German Jew, she nonetheless managed to work as a Nazi social worker shortly after she learned of her husband’s disappearance at the hands of the Gestapo when she returned to Berlin in 1936. In that capacity, she regularly entered a concentration camp from which she rescued Jews one-at-a-time without detection for several years. When it became necessary, she fled with Stanley’s father in 1939. She wrote a memoir, published in 1957 as The Unforgotten, about her experiences.

Adolf Hitler

Although he did not invent fascism, Adolf Hitler is the most notorious and destructive purveyor of fascist ideology. In every chapter, Stanley identifies a feature of fascism illustrated by Nazi Germany. Hitler’s 1925 autobiography Mein Kampf is essentially an instruction manual for budding fascists. It depicts a mythic German heritage and past rooted in agrarianism and an exclusionary German identity. It lays all social ills at the feet of immigrants, Jews, and other supposedly lazy urbanites. The book exploits sexual and economic insecurity in its reassertion of traditional patriarchal roles. And it paints life as a Darwinist struggle in which the hardworking in-group prevails heroically over out-groups by virtue of its higher standing in a natural hierarchy.

While the crimes of contemporary fascists pale in comparison to Hitler’s, Stanley warns of how quickly things can escalate to genocide and global conflict if fascist politics are not identified and rejected early.

Donald Trump

The 2016 election of Donald Trump to the American presidency is Stanley’s impetus for writing How Fascism Works. In Trump, Stanley sees many of the cornerstones of fascist politics, including the promotion of us-versus-them narratives, unjustified victimhood, and fear-mongering over the loss of traditional gender and racial norms. His very campaign slogan, “Make America Great Again,” cultivates one of the most important preconditions that lead to fascist states: the mythic past.

Stanley is careful to acknowledge that the United States of the 21st century is a very different place than 1930s Germany. Moreover, Trump’s fascist tendencies have yet to result in death and destruction on a scale anywhere close to the terror Hitler spread across Europe during the Holocaust and World War II. Nevertheless, to watch fascist politics gain such purchase in the United States is deeply disturbing to the author.

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