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55 pages 1 hour read

Johanna Spyri

Heidi

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1881

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Chapters 1-5Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary: “Up the Mountain”

The novel begins as Dete hikes to Dörfli from her village of Maienfeld. Dete is taking her niece Heidi to live with her grandfather, whom everyone in the village calls “Uncle Alp,” because she can no longer care for the young girl and continue to work. Heidi is wearing all her clothes and becomes very hot on the trek up the mountain, but the scenery is beautiful.

Dete’s friend Barbel stops her and asks why she is taking Heidi to Grandfather’s since everyone in the village fears him. “Nobody really knows what’s the matter with that old man, but he won’t have anything to do with anybody, and he hasn’t set foot in a church for years” (3). Dete explains that her previous employers offered her a job at a hotel in Frankfurt, and she must hand over Heidi’s care to accept the job. Barbel asks Dete to explain Grandfather’s history in hopes of understanding why he is such a grumpy hermit. Dete explains that Grandfather’s younger brother was irresponsible and drank too much. He disgraced the family and his parents died of grief. Grandfather left home to join the army to escape the pain, married, and had one son named Tobias. Grandfather’s wife died young, and he returned to Dörfli with Tobias, who became a carpenter’s apprentice.

Tobias later married Dete’s sister, Adelheid, and Heidi is their daughter. Tragically, a falling tree killed Tobias, and his wife died of her grief soon after, leaving Heidi an orphan. Devastated by his great losses, Grandfather moved to the mountain and became a recluse. Dete and her mother cared for Heidi until Adelheid’s death, and Dete sent Heidi to live with an old woman named Ursula while she went to work for the family in Frankfurt.

Heidi and Dete continue up the mountain and meet Peter the goatherd, who lives with his mother Bridget, and his blind grandmother. Heidi is enamored with Peter and removes her layers of clothes so she can chase after him and the goats. Horrified by Heidi’s behavior, Dete pays Peter to fetch Heidi’s clothes and take them up to Grandfather’s house. Grandfather’s hut has a lovely view of the mountain, and when they arrive, he is sitting on a bench outside smoking his pipe. Grandfather scolds Peter for being late to collect his goats and is confused by Dete and Heidi’s presence. Dete says she has brought Tobias’s daughter to live with him, but Grandfather shouts at her to go away, so Dete runs away, leaving Heidi.

Chapter 2 Summary: “At Grandfather’s”

Grandfather shows Heidi around his spartan one-room cabin, and Heidi stows her clothing in the cabinet. She chooses to sleep in the hayloft, and after doubling the hay for her comfort, Grandfather gives her the blanket from his bed. Grandfather fashions a chair just for Heidi so she can reach the table and makes her a delicious dinner of toasted cheese, bread, and goat’s milk. Peter arrives with the goats, and Heidi is overjoyed to see him again. Grandfather introduces Heidi to his two goats named Daisy and Dusky. After tasting their milk and having a slice of bread, Heidi goes to bed. A fierce windstorm blows through overnight, and Grandfather worries Heidi will be frightened, but when he checks on her, she is sleeping soundly.

Chapter 3 Summary: “A Day with the Goats”

Heidi awakens the next day to the sound of Peter’s whistle. Grandfather is already outside tending to the goats. He tells her to wash because she is spending the day with Peter on the green slopes. Grandfather gives Peter a double portion of cheese and bread and a cup for Heidi since she hasn’t learned to drink straight from the goat. Heidi and Peter set off with the goats, and Peter is annoyed when Heidi wanders away to explore everything. She particularly loves the flowers and fills her apron with them in hopes of decorating her loft to resemble the meadow.

Peter takes a nap, but Heidi remains awake, staring at the beauty around her. She hears a hawk make a loud sound and awakens Peter. Heidi wants to follow the hawk high up to its nest, but Peter explains it is too dangerous. They have their lunch, and Heidi shares her food with Peter. “He looked at her with amazement for he had never in his life had any food to give away” (33). Peter tells Heidi all the goats’ names, and she befriends an orphaned goat named Snowflake. When a goat wanders too close to a ravine, Heidi helps Peter rescue it by tempting it with fresh grass. Peter plans to beat it with a stick, but Heidi forbids him. He says he will not punish the sheep if she will give him part of her lunch again tomorrow. When the sun begins to set and casts a rosy, red glow over the entire landscape, Heidi thinks everything is on fire. She is sad when it is over, but Peter tells her it will happen again tomorrow.

Grandfather is waiting on them when they return, but Heidi is sad when she sees her flowers have wilted. Over dinner, Heidi asks Grandfather why the hawk makes the loud noise, and he tells her it is calling to the villagers to mind their own business. Grandfather can name the mountains just by Heidi’s descriptions, and she tells him about the sunset fire. Heidi goes to bed full of anticipation for the next day and dreams of goats and mountains.

Chapter 4 Summary: “A Visit to Grannie”

As winter arrives, Grandfather says it is not safe for her to accompany Peter, so she stays inside and watches Grandfather work on his carpentry projects. After a week away, Peter arrives for a visit, and Grandfather says that he will be starting school soon. While Peter eats a delicious meal, he tells Heidi that his Grannie has requested that Heidi visit her. She excitedly agrees, and the next day, Grandfather wraps her in a burlap sack and sleds down the hill to Peter’s house. Heidi thinks Peter’s house is small and rundown compared to Grandfather’s cottage.

Grannie is blind, but Heidi struggles to understand why she cannot see, and Heidi sobs over Grannie’s blindness: “Can’t anyone make you see?” (49). When she suggests they open the shutters for more light, Grannie tells Heidi that they are broken and rattle all throughout the night. The house is in such a bad state of disrepair that Grannie fears it will collapse on them. Heidi explains that Grandfather is a skilled carpenter and that they will return the next day to fix the house. After she leaves, Grannie says she enjoyed Heidi’s visit immensely and looks forward to seeing her again each day.

Peter accompanies Heidi up the hill, and Grandfather meets them halfway. Over dinner, she explains how they must help Peter’s family fix his house. The next day while Heidi visits Grannie, Grandfather repairs the broken shutters. They return each day to work, and by the end of the winter, the entire house is repaired. Grannie requests to meet and thank Grandfather, but when Bridget asks him, he gruffly refuses and tells her to return inside.

Chapter 5 Summary: “Two Unexpected Visitors”

It is almost two years later, and Heidi is now seven years old. The schoolmaster sends word to Grandfather that it is time for Heidi to begin school in the winter, but he does not respond. The church pastor, who is a former neighbor of Grandfather from Dörfli, visits the cottage and attempts to convince Grandfather of the importance of Heidi learning to read and write. Grandfather says she is learning all she needs to know from him and nature, and it would not be safe for her to traverse down the mountain in the winter snow. The pastor suggests Grandfather move back to the village and agree to send her to school in the winter, but when he refuses to comply, the pastor says, “What sort of a life do you lead up here, at odds with God and man?” (59) and leaves frustrated and with a warning that Grandfather will hear from him again about the issue.

Dete returns the next day, dressed in fine clothing and a hat. She claims to have found a suitable home for Heidi in Frankfurt with wealthy relatives of her employer. The family has a daughter who is physically disabled, and Heidi will serve as her companion. Grandfather says he will not allow Heidi to leave, but Dete responds that everyone in the village agrees she should remove Heidi from his care, and she will involve the police if necessary.

Grandfather surrenders and Dete packs Heidi’s clothing, but the child refuses to leave. After Dete says she can visit Grandfather anytime she wants, Heidi complies. On the way down the mountain, Peter sees Heidi leaving and angrily returns to his home to tell Grannie the sad news. She calls out, but Dete will not allow Heidi one last visit. Grandfather returns to his peevish ways, and though Grannie speaks of his kindness and generosity to the villagers, no one believes her.

Chapters 1-5 Analysis

The novel opens in media res as Dete hikes up the mountain, dragging her young niece, Heidi, along with her. The reader is aware of Dete’s cold nature immediately, as she repeatedly ignores Heidi’s growing discomfort from wearing all her clothing while undergoing an arduous walk uphill. Dete’s friend Barbel seems to be more concerned for the child’s well-being, and she repeatedly questions Dete’s decision to leave the child with Uncle Alp.

Barbel’s concerns introduce the character of Uncle Alp before the reader meets him when she explains his gruff and curmudgeonly personality, which appears to be at odds with taking on the care of a five-year-old. Yet, Dete feels her life has left her with no other options. She must work, and caring for Heidi full time will prevent her from accepting the lucrative job opportunity. While on the surface, Dete appears to be heartless, the reader can empathize with her plight as a woman with few opportunities in life. Her sister and mother’s untimely deaths left her in the care of a child for whom she has neither the physical nor emotional means to manage. Though she is leaving Heidi with a veritable stranger, he is her maternal grandfather, and despite his reputation in town, Barbel’s description does not paint him as dangerous, just antisocial.

Heidi forms an instant connection with Grandfather and the picturesque landscape of his home on the mountainside. When she discards her clothing, it symbolizes her desire to detach from her previous life with Dete and her instinctual knowledge that her home is now with Grandfather. Though his home is humble, Heidi embraces its simplicity and even falls in love with sleeping on a hay mattress. Grandfather instantly attaches to the child and becomes protective of her. He attends to her physical needs by feeding her and making sure she has a proper seat at his table. Displaying his carpentry skills, he later fashions her a chair of her own, symbolizing his acceptance of her as his family.

Grandfather also attends to Heidi’s emotional needs and checks on her at night as she sleeps, making certain she is not afraid in her new surroundings. Uncle Alp also cares for Peter by sending him extra food and inviting him to stay for meals. It is a way to subtly help Peter in his poverty without shaming or embarrassing him. From the moment Heidi arrives at his home, it is clear the villagers have a misunderstanding of Uncle Alp and that he is not a querulous grump but instead a kind, tender-hearted man with a giving spirit. The author uses Grandfather’s character to assert the truth that one cannot judge a person on their outward appearance alone.

The introduction of Peter brings Heidi her first friend and brings her into a closer relationship with the land through his care of the goats. As Heidi spends her first day in the pasture with Peter, she falls in love with the Alpine landscape. Through Heidi’s wide-eyed wonderment at her new home, the author explores the theme of The Romanticism of Nature and Its Power to Heal and Restore. As she gleefully collects wildflowers and nuzzles the goats, Heidi appears to forget the pain of her past life and Dete’s abandonment as she is cradled in the comfort of Mother Nature. The green pasture becomes a feast for her senses, and she drinks it all in with childlike wonderment, sparking joy and creativity in her mind.

Peter respects Uncle Alp and understands he has entrusted him with Heidi’s care, and he watches over her as if she were his younger sister, but Peter is lonely and enjoys Heidi’s company as a friendly companion. Peter is skilled at caring for the sheep, but he is not without fault, as his anger towards Greenfinch reveals his temper. Heidi proves a good influence on him when she convinces him to spare his punishment for the young goat, a scene that foreshadows a later moment in Peter’s life when someone will show him mercy.

Along with gaining a friend in Peter, when he invites her to his home, Heidi gains a relationship with Grannie, which brings both individuals satisfaction. Heidi lifts Grannie’s spirits with her joyful, encouraging presence, and Grannie becomes a surrogate grandmother to Heidi and models faith and devotion to God despite her blindness. Even though she cannot see, Grannie is still a strong character and becomes a powerful influence in Heidi’s life. Through Heidi’s connection to Peter and Grannie, the author displays The Beauty of Found Family in Heidi finding community and a loving connection with others.

Chapter 5 initiates a tone shift first with Heidi and Grandfather’s run-in with the schoolmaster and the clergyman and their insistence that Heidi should attend school in the winter. Earlier, the author introduces the motif of education when Heidi learns of Peter’s struggles with reading. However, since Heidi herself is illiterate, she does not understand Peter’s assertion that learning for him feels impossible. The ominous visit from the pastor and his threats to force Grandfather to send Heidi to school cast a foreboding tone over what has been an idyllic season of life for Heidi. The villagers associate receiving an education with being a civilized member of society, and Grandfather’s refusal to enroll Heidi in school further deepens their distrust of him.

Dete’s return brings disaster, as Heidi is too trusting and accepts her aunt’s bribe and false promises to leave the mountain, and Grandfather’s fear of how the townsfolk see him prevents him from fighting for her to stay. As Heidi leaves the mountain, everyone suffers. Grannie is once again downcast and lonely, and Grandfather returns to his gruff, secluded existence, becoming even more disagreeable than before.

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