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104 pages 3 hours read

Alan Gratz

Grenade

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2018

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Chapters 11-20Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1, Chapter 11 Summary: “Hideki: How to Surrender”

Hideki, running from the failed battle, falls over the dead body of his principal, who has been killed by a shell while on his mission with the photos of the emperor. Hideki decides to complete his principal’s task; he will take the photos to safety to protect the emperor’s mabui. A leaflet is dropped by an American plane, written in Japanese, explaining how to surrender. Hideki crumples it.

Hideki decides to take the emperor's photos to his family's tomb and feels a new sense of purpose. He remembers being at the family tomb with his sister Kimiko, who angrily told Hideki that he needed to stand up to himself against bullies like Yoshio.

At the tomb, Hideki is shocked to find his father Oto.

Part 1, Chapter 12 Summary: “Ray: Fire in the Hole”

Ray exits a tomb where an Okinawan family has been killed by a grenade. He points out that using grenades in the tombs and caves is killing innocent people. Sergeant Meredith reminds him that another cave contained a Japanese machine gun nest and soldiers, but concedes that they could use smoke grenades to drive people out of the cave rather than immediately killing them. Sergeant Meredith reprimands another soldier for using Ray’s last name—Majors—instead of Ray or “Barbeque.” Calling him “Majors” might make the enemy think that Ray is an important target.

They hear the pop of an activated grenade: It is one of the grenades on Sergeant Meredith’s belt. Activated, it will detonate in five seconds.

Part 1, Chapter 13 Summary: “Hideki: Sute-iIshi”

Oto has a shrapnel wound in his belly, which is bleeding. Hideki wants to find a doctor, but his father wants him to clean the family tomb and give an offering instead, so Hideki puts some of the rice in a bowl.

Oto tells Hideki that his mother and brother are dead; an American torpedo hit their evacuation ship. Oto insists that Hideki leave the framed photos of the emperor in the tomb and go find his sister—she is their only remaining family. Oto explains that the Japanese have no chance of retaining control of Okinawa; they are merely “a sacrificial pawn” (83) meant to slow the US advance. Hideki is shocked. A soldier of unspecified nationality arrives.

Part 1, Chapter 14 Summary: “Ray: Crying in the Rain”

Sergeant Meredith threw the belt of grenades away as quickly as he could, but is still badly hurt from the one that detonated. Big John picks him up and runs toward camp; the rest of the company follows.

Back at camp, they are shocked to learn that President Franklin D. Roosevelt has died. A grenade is thrown into their midst; the men panic, but it explodes ineffectively. It was a prank by another marine, Private Wilbert Zimmer. Big John beats Zimmer until his face is purple and his eyes are swollen.

They learn that Sergeant Meredith has survived; he has been transported to a hospital in Hawaii. Big John is promoted to squad leader.

Part 1, Chapter 15 Summary: “Hideki: A Blessing”

Hideki is relieved to see that the soldier is Japanese. Oto welcomes him to their family tomb, but is appalled when the man wolfs down the rice Hideki left as an offering. Still, Oto tells his son to let the soldier eat it. The soldier starts using their family’s urns to barricade the tomb and angrily insists that they leave.

Hideki helps his father out. Oto wishes that he had kept the family together. He implores Hideki to find his sister, and then dies.

Part 1, Chapter 16 Summary: “Ray: Monster”

Ray’s squad is to be sent south to the front line (they are currently in the north of the island). Old Man, the nickname of another marine in the squad, tells Ray that the way to avoid mortar fire is to run like hell, rather than zigzag. Big John says that regardless of what you do, you might get hit.

Now that he has experienced the terror of war Ray has more sympathy for his father, who never fully psychologically recovered from his time in the World War I (WWI). Once, when Ray was younger, as he and his father were slaughtering pigs, Ray’s father suddenly attacked Ray with a knife, leaving a huge scar on his arm.

A group of Okinawan refugees are let through the ranks. Suddenly, one throws down his blanket and starts shooting—it is a Japanese soldier. The Americans open fire in return and kill the whole group. Ray knows that some of the people he helped kill were innocent.

Part 1, Chapter 17 Summary: “Hideki: The Hole in the Wall”

Hideki goes to the high school to look for his sister Kimiko. A hole has been blown in the building and there are many dead bodies; it was bombed while the students were at school. He is relieved that none of the dead girls are Kimiko. Hideki sees a notice on the classroom wall instructing all fifth-year girls (Kimiko’s grade) to report to the army hospital in Ichinichibashi, a town in the south of the island. He realizes with dread that this is the direction that US forces are moving.

Hideki hears approaching American voices. He quickly jumps into an empty desk and plays dead. He peeks at the soldier in the room, who looks closely at and then takes out of its frame a class photo. Hideki wonders why. A voice calls to the soldier from outside, and Hideki catches a name that to him sounds like “Rei” (107). The man leaves.

Part 1, Chapter 18 Summary: “Ray: Deceased”

Ray looks at the photo of the Okinawan schoolchildren, victims of American bombs. He distinguishes Okinawan locals from the brutal Japanese army, although other American soldiers, like Big John, are less interested in this distinction.

They hear celebratory gun fire and learn that Germany has surrendered.

Ray receives a letter from his mother, which includes a photo of Ray and his father dressed up before a fair. Ray remembers this happy day, but also remembers a night soon after, when his father drunkenly and angrily broke furniture in their house.

As his squad moves south, Ray is horrified to pass shell-shocked American soldiers and the bodies of Japanese soldiers littering the ground. US soldiers’ bodies have been removed already.

Part 1, Chapter 19 Summary: “Hideki: Yōkai”

Hideki heads toward Shuri Castle, an Okinawan landmark that signifies that he is traveling in the right direction. He slips and tumbles down a hill, landing in a muddy puddle covered in maggots. Disgusted, he strips off his clothes.

He takes the sack of photographs and his two grenades and creeps into a cave. It is filled with Japanese soldiers. Hideki takes a uniform from a dead soldier. A Japanese lieutenant instructs Hideki to join them in the attack of an American camp. Hideki is disgusted and shocked when the lieutenant instructs a soldier to strap explosives to Okinawan civilians—a woman and her baby—and send them in first.

Part 1, Chapter 20 Summary: “Ray: Kakazu Ridge”

Ray’s squad is instructed to try to take Kakazu Ridge, a contested hill in the south of Okinawa. Only Big John, Zimmer, and Ray make it to the hill’s saddle; the rest of the squad are killed by Japanese bullets and bombs. Big John’s right ear has been blown off, so Ray bandages it. The mortars and grenades stop, which means that the Japanese are about the storm the ridge where the three men are.

Chapters 11-20 Analysis

In these chapters, a photograph connects Ray and Hideki. When they cross paths at the destroyed high school, they both pause at the poignant class photo of now-dead students in the bombed schoolroom. Hideki’s growing disillusionment with the war is evident in his disgust that the classroom photograph of the emperor's has been taken to protect his mabui, but that the school children’s photo has been left behind. Ray is also moved by the photo, as evident from his decision to take it with him—another memento of lives lost, like the photo of the soldier he killed. As he examines it, Ray, too, feels growing disillusionment with the conflict because of the incredible tragedy of the hundreds of thousands of human lives lost.

Later, another photograph also serves as a memento of pointlessly lost lives. As Hideki watches IJA soldiers strap explosives to a woman carrying a baby, he imagines a photograph that emphasizes instead her beautiful blue kimono: “He saw the woman as though she and her kimono had been tinted by a photographer—the only spot of color painted on a black-and-white photograph of the war. And then the soldiers tied a belt of dynamite around her waist” (120). The juxtaposition of the kimono—an aesthetically evocative piece of clothing—and the belt of dynamite—a violent and terrifying piece of war equipment—is a metaphor for the IJA’s ruthless tactics. The woman, who is doomed to die, stands for thousands of other innocent Okinawan civilian victims.

In contrast to these photographs of everyday Okinawans, photographs of Emperor Hirohito begin a dramatic status decline. While the book opened with Hideki’s principal dying while safeguarding the emperor’s photograph, here, Hideki abandons his desire to protect these images. After his father compares Okinawans to sacrificial pawns, Hideki is outraged: “the Okinawans weren’t stones to be won or lost. They were real people! Hideki couldn’t believe the Emperor would just throw their lives away like that” (83). This revelation distresses Hideki so much that he throws the emperor's photos into the mud.

These chapters give readers their first glimpse into the complex biases and prejudices at play during the conflict. Japanese soldiers view the Okinawans as ethnically inferior: In Hideki’s family’s tomb, a Japanese private tells Hideki, “you’re not in the real army. You’re not even real Japanese!” (91). The same man later uses an ethnic slur: “if you dojin could defend your own stupid island, I wouldn’t even be here” (93). Dojin, which literally means barbarian, is a derogatory term for Okinawan people.

This section takes a longer view in its consideration of the violence and Brutality of War, juxtaposing its day-to-day reality with long-term, generational effects. In the immediate present, Ray sees countless “horrible, broken bodies” (112) of Japanese soldiers, imagery that foregrounds the horrors of battle. Civilian casualties are even more disturbing. Ray witnesses a surprise attack from a Japanese soldier dressed as an Okinawan refugee, in response to which, US troops kill the entire group: “[S]ome of the dead were American Marines. Some were Japanese soldiers. But many more of them were Okinawans. Refugees who had needed their help” (100). Likewise, in addition to the schoolroom full of dead students he sees, Hideki learns that his mother and brother are dead—their evacuation ship “torpedoed by an American submarine” (81)—just before his father dies in front of him. Readers feel sympathy and sadness for Hideki, who has lost three of four members of his immediate family.

The novel then connects these horrors to their lifelong psychological ramifications. Ray sees US soldiers suffering from what he knows as “shell shock”—a condition now known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which affects people who have undergone trauma. Ray connects their emotional distress to what happened to his father after WWI. Unable to cope with what he experienced, Ray’s father became violent and developed alcohol abuse disorder; Ray’s particularly painful memories are about his father’s erratic cruelty, such as the time he attacked Ray with a knife when they were slaughtering pigs, lost in a flashback—a symptom of PTSD. However, rather than end with this bleak realization, the novel offers a small hint of optimism. Ray finds himself suddenly empathizing with his father, and realizes that his father argued so strongly against his enlisting because he was “trying to protect Ray from becoming the monster he had become” (113). As Ray moves from anger at his father toward understanding, the novel suggests that healing after this kind of trauma is possible.

In these chapters, Hideki begins to feel skeptical of the values of glorious self-sacrifice which were taught to the school children as part of the IJA’s propaganda campaign to urge the Okinawans to fight the incoming American army. As Hideki comforts his dying father by calling him “a hero. Fighting for Japan” (94), his father urges him to forget any ideas of Japanese pride and honor and focus only on finding his sister. From this point on, Hideki’s loyalty to the Japanese army fades; he no longer wishes to die a glorious death for the Japanese Emperor.

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