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79 pages 2 hours read

Edith Wharton

Ethan Frome

Fiction | Novella | Adult | Published in 1911

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Chapters 3-5Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 3 Summary

As Ethan loads lumber into his sleigh the next morning, he recalls the previous night’s events and wishes that he had kissed Mattie. He also thinks about how sickly and unhappy Mattie was when she first arrived in Starkfield; her parents’ death had left her impoverished, forcing her to become a stenographer, a shop clerk, and finally, “in some sense, indentured” to the Fromes (36).

Still concerned that Zeena suspects something, Ethan decides to return to the farm before taking the lumber into town. Here, he finds Zeena wearing her best dress and sitting next to a packed suitcase; she explains that she’s going to consult a new doctor in Bettsbridge and that she’ll be spending the night with a relative. Although Ethan knows the visit will probably be expensive, he’s relieved to learn that Zeena is preoccupied and eager for a night alone with Mattie. He agrees that his hired man, Jotham Powell, can drive Zeena to the train station but, feeling obliged to explain why he isn’t going himself, lies that he’s expecting an advance payment on the lumber:

As soon as the words were spoken he regretted them, not only because they were untrue—there being no prospect of his receiving cash payment from Hale—but also because he knew from experience the imprudence of letting Zeena think he was in funds on the eve of one of her therapeutic excursions (39).

Zeena, however, is busy taking a dose of medicine and doesn’t seem to hear him.

Chapter 4 Summary

After Zeena’s departure, Ethan heads into town. The prospect of dinner with Mattie has cheered him, reviving the optimism and sociability his struggles have suppressed: “Left alone, after his father’s accident, to carry the burden of farm and mill, he had had no time for convivial loiterings in the village; and when his mother fell ill the loneliness of the house grew more oppressive than that of the fields” (41). It was largely to escape this loneliness that Ethan married Zeena, who had helped him care for his sick mother. However, even before Zeena fell ill, the marriage was troubled; it was partly Zeena’s need for social prominence that made Ethan’s dream of moving to a larger, more anonymous city impossible.

Ethan reaches his destination—the builder Andrew Hale’s yard—and unloads the logs. To cover his earlier lie, he then awkwardly asks for an advance payment. Hale declines, and Ethan refuses to press the matter. While in town, Ethan also notices Denis Eady; he’s driving towards Ethan’s farm, and Ethan worries he’s going to visit Mattie. However, when Ethan reaches the farm, he sees no sign of Denis, and Mattie tells him her only visitor was Jotham.

Mattie is wearing a red ribbon in her hair and has already set the table for dinner. She and Ethan sit down to eat, but their conversation becomes stilted whenever Zeena’s name comes up. When the cat jumps onto the table, Mattie and Ethan both reach to move the milk jug, accidentally brushing hands. In the confusion, the cat knocks a pickle dish off the table and breaks it.

Mattie cries as she cleans up, explaining that the dish was a wedding present of Zeena’s that Mattie wasn’t supposed to use. Ethan tries to reassure her, hiding the pieces and devising a plan to fix it without Zeena knowing: “If he glued it together the next morning months might elapse before his wife noticed what had happened, and meanwhile he might after all be able to match the dish at Shadd’s Falls or Bettsbridge” (49). Ethan then sits back down to dinner, urging Mattie not to worry.

Chapter 5 Summary

After dinner, Ethan settles next to the stove while Mattie sews. He invites her to come closer to the fire, but when she takes Zeena’s usual chair, she complains she can’t see her work and returns to her prior seat. The two chat, and Ethan absorbs the scene’s domesticity:

The commonplace nature of what they said produced in Ethan an illusion of long-established intimacy which no outburst of emotion could have given, and he set his imagination adrift on the fiction that they had always spent their evenings thus and would always go on doing so (52).

Ethan eventually mentions their conversation about sledding, and Mattie playfully accuses him of forgetting; he responds that it’s too dark tonight but that they can go the following evening if the moon is out.

Reaching for the material Mattie is stitching, Ethan mentions that he saw her friends Ruth and Ned kissing in town earlier that day: “Ethan had imagined that his allusion might open the way to the accepted pleasantries, and these perhaps in turn to a harmless caress, if only a mere touch on her hand. But now he felt as if her blush had set a flaming guard about her” (53). Awkwardly, Ethan says he expects the pair will marry soon and again suggests that Mattie herself might wish to wed. Mattie questions why he keeps broaching the subject, worried that Zeena wants her gone; Ethan says he’s just trying to grow used to the idea and urges her not to worry. He’s still holding the fabric, and as his thoughts turn towards Zeena’s inevitable return, he lifts a corner of the material and kisses it.

Mattie stands, folding up the fabric and attending to her nightly chores around the room. Ethan hands her a candle and says goodnight as she leaves for bed.

Chapters 3-5 Analysis

With the new details Wharton provides regarding Mattie and Zeena’s backstories, the role gender plays in Ethan Frome becomes clearer. Because she grew up in a middle-class household, Mattie was raised with the understanding that she would never need to work outside her own home; the smattering of skills she’s learned—recitation, piano playing, etc.—don’t translate well to the labor market, and the stress of wage labor sickens her. Her only options for supporting herself are therefore to marry or to seek help from family members—namely, by trading her services as a housekeeper for food and board. Her circumstances remain precarious, however; she hasn’t accumulated any wages, so her livelihood hinges entirely on Zeena’s attitude towards her.

At first glance, Zeena seems similarly powerless. She came to the Fromes’ farm under circumstances reminiscent of Mattie’s: to act as a housekeeper, but perhaps also to reduce her own family’s financial burden—she later tells Ethan, “[M]y folks all told me at the time you couldn’t do no less than marry me” (63), presumably as “payment” for nursing his mother. Zeena is thus financially dependent on her husband—all the more so if she truly is sick.

Nevertheless, Zeena’s authority reigns supreme in the Frome household. Ethan’s general deference to her wishes likely has many sources—his indecisive nature, his sense of obligation to her, and the guilt he feels regarding his feelings for Mattie among them. However, one major factor is Zeena’s ability to weaponize what would typically be a subordinate gendered position. The most obvious example is her invalidism, which the novel frames as a distinctly female phenomenon; women in Ethan Frome tend to the sick, discuss treatments amongst themselves, and suffer from vague chronic illnesses. This pattern reflects the cultural atmosphere of the time, which for various reasons—including a poor understanding of female physiology and women’s perceived physical and mental weakness—associated womanhood with disease. Perhaps the most important factor was “hysteria,” an umbrella diagnosis applied largely to women who either resisted traditional gender norms or developed depression and anxiety in response to those norms. Zeena’s hypochondria falls into this category, but far from marginalizing or silencing her, it’s the main tool she uses to manipulate Ethan.

This strategy is highly successful, to the extent that Zeena remains an overbearing presence in Ethan’s life even when she’s elsewhere; thoughts of her repeatedly disrupt Ethan and Mattie’s dinner, culminating in the cat (a proxy for Zeena) breaking the pickle dish. Ethan previously envisioned the evening in terms of idealized domesticity:

The kitchen was a poor place […] but it was surprising what a homelike look the mere fact of Zeena’s absence gave it. And he pictured what it would be like that evening, when he and Mattie were there after supper. […] [T]hey would sit there, one on each side of the stove, like a married couple (40).

Replacing Zeena’s passive-aggressive femininity with Mattie’s more straightforwardly submissive variety is key to this fantasy, but Ethan’s efforts to realize his vision are imperfect: “Mattie rose obediently, and seated herself in [Zeena’s rocking-chair]. As her young brown head detached itself against the patch-work cushion that habitually framed his wife’s gaunt countenance, Ethan had a momentary shock. It was almost as if the other face, the face of the superseded woman, had obliterated that of the intruder” (51). This blurring of the two women underscores the hold Zeena has on Ethan, while also foreshadowing Mattie’s transformation into a Zeena-like figure.

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