The Duchess of Malfi

Consider the role of class and social hierarchy in the play. How are lower-ranking characters like Antonio and Bosola different or similar to the noble characters like Ferdinand and the Cardinal? How do Antonio and Bosola navigate these social hierarchies?

Pick several examples of animal metaphors to analyze throughout the play. Why are they used? Which characters are they associated with and why? What do they symbolize or indicate about that character and about the play’s social systems more broadly?

Discuss the play’s depiction of deceit. Is there a difference between deceit and betrayal? In a court system that has, as Antonio says, “poison ‘t near the head” (I.1.14), is it possible to live an honest life? What alternatives might characters have had to their deceit?

The play repeatedly touches on the idea of justice versus injustice. How do the forces of justice and injustice function in the play socially, politically, and even in terms of gender dynamics? How do these preoccupations tie into the play’s key themes?

The Duchess of Malfi is a revenge tragedy. How does the play conform to, or diverge from, some of the typical tropes and conventions of the genre? How does it compare to other revenge tragedies of the early modern era, such as The Spanish Tragedy or Hamlet?

How does the play depict romantic and sexual relationships? Consider the dynamics between the Duchess and Antonio, and/or that between Julia and the Cardinal. How do these relationships explore or illustrate some of the play’s wider themes? How do they relate to their historical and social context more generally?

The Duchess of Malfi is mostly made up of clear protagonists and antagonists. Bosola is the outstanding exception. Is Bosola ultimately a protagonist or antagonist? What does his ambiguity of character add to the play? How do his actions and dilemmas relate to some of the play’s core themes?

Some critics have accused Webster’s play of being sensationalistic and empty in its use of violence. How is violence used in the play in terms of plot, characterization, themes, and/or symbolically? Do you agree with the critiques regarding Webster’s use of violence? Why or why not?