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68 pages 2 hours read

Julia Alvarez

Before We Were Free

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2002

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Chapters 4-6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 4 Summary: “Disappeared Diary”

Anita writes in her diary often. Most of the time she writes about her growing infatuation with Sam. She writes in pencil, so she can erase what she’s written. She worries that SIM might find her diary and use it as evidence, or Mami might find it and forbid her to see Sam anymore, since she says Anita’s too young to have a boyfriend. Each night, she erases what she’s written that day.

The Principal of Anita’s school announces that classes will not resume until the end of January. Many of the Americans are traveling home to see the inauguration of John F. Kennedy, the new President of the United States. Anita is confused about the fact that Americans have a new leader every four years, since Trujillo has already been the leader of the Dominican Republic for 31 years. No adult will answer her question.

Anita begins looking through magazines for pictures of Audrey Hepburn, so that she can model her makeup after the actress. She is spending more time worrying about her appearance now that she likes Sam so much.

Oscar’s mother brings him along during a canasta meeting at Mami’s house. Oscar and Sam quickly become friends, and Anita is jealous. The three of them talk about the situation in the country. Anita is beginning to realize that they are not as free as she believed.  

Oscar tells Anita and Sam terrible stories about Trujillo (El Jefe). He tells them that when El Jefe “disappears” people, he cuts out their eyes and fingernails, before throwing them to the sharks. Anita can’t believe she ever prayed to El Jefe instead of Jesus.

They tell Oscar about the light in Tio Toni’s house and he wants to go investigate. On the way, Chucha stops them. She tells them to be careful, and that bad things are coming. Anita asks her if Tio Tony is okay. Just then, a face appears at the window of Toni’s house. It’s Tio. Chucha tells Anita to make sure that Sam and Oscar don’t say anything about him hiding there.

That night, Mami confides in Anita. She says that Anita’s uncles, and their friends, made a plan that would try to fix some things about the government. SIM found out and arrested many of them. Some were killed. Others escaped. Then she tells her that Tio Tony is hiding, and that Anita must not tell anyone. He is relatively safe on the compound, as long as everyone helps to hide him. Then she tells Anita that Anita must not write in her diary for a while, and she can’t wander the compound until Mami says she is allowed to. Anita goes back to her room and erases every page of her diary. She stores it in the closet next to Carla’s things. 

Chapter 5 Summary: “Mr. Smith”

Suddenly it seems like all of the parents are being very cautious, especially when it comes to their young daughters. Susie and Lucinda tell her about a man named Mr. Smith, who is apparently very powerful and likes pretty young girls. When he sees one that he wants, he takes her and no one can stop him.

Susie will be 15 in two weeks. Lucinda wants to throw a big quinceañera party for her. They want to hold it in the compound, since they can’t go out. Her party is planned for February 27, which is also the Dominican Republic’s National Independence Day. For two weeks, workers prepare the grounds for the party, decorating, cleaning, and trimming the trees and bushes.

Every night, visitors come to see Tio Tony, who now openly walks the grounds and joins the family for meals. He is still jumpy, made nervous by months of hiding and being pursued by SIM. The family speak carefully, never entirely sure that their workers haven’t been infiltrated by SIM. Lorena, their maid, was recently caught cleaning desk drawers in Papi’s study, when there was obviously no need to clean them.

Anita admires Tony’s and Papi’s bravery. It makes her want to be like Joan of Arc. However, Joan of Arc heard a voice that helped her know what to do, and Anita doesn’t. She doesn’t feel brave. She is going through puberty, although she hasn’t yet gotten her period. But the changes in her body make her uneasy, although she also believes that she is now in love with Sam.

The night of the party, guests are arriving when a line of black Volkswagens enters the driveway. Mami grabs Anita and tells her to run to Tio Tony’s casita and tell Papi and anyone else who is there that Mr. Smith’s friends have come to the party. Her commanding voice reminds Anita of the voice that must have helped Joan of Arc. When she tells the men in the casita, Toni and the others run away into the darkness. Papi takes her back to the party and tells her to act as if nothing is wrong.

There is a shout for attention. The crowd goes quiet as a small man appears on the patio, wearing a uniform that is covered in medals. The crowd shouts praise at the man, and the man, Mr. Smith, waves at the crowd. He is El Jefe

Chapter 6 Summary: “Operation Maid”

If Anita had not warned the men at the casita, Tony and the others would have been captured by SIM. She is very proud. Papi and Mami talk about how they should proceed, then grow quiet when Lorena approaches. They know they must stay on her good side, or she may report them to SIM if she hears them talking about anything unusual. They feel that the only way to get rid of her is to have Chucha scare her. Lorena is very superstitious, and frightened of Chucha, her coffin, her omens, and her purple clothes.

The morning after Susie’s party, a black limousine arrives and delivers a bouquet of roses for Lucinda. The roses are from El Jefe. Lucinda cries, worried that he’ll take her away. They all vow to protect her. When Papi comes home and hears about the flowers, he is so upset he can’t eat. He goes to visit the Washburns to try and make a plan. When he returns, he tells them about an idea called Operation Maid.

They agree to try to send Lucinda to the United States, where she will teach Spanish to the children of American government employees who will later be stationed in Colombia. Tony does not think it will work; now that Mr. Smith wants Lucinda, he does not believe that she will be granted a visa that would allow her to leave. He says they must get rid of Mr. Smith immediately. Papi says that El Jefe can’t be allowed to live, and Anita takes this to mean that he wants to murder El Jefe. Lucinda begins packing and Anita cannot believe that she is about to lose someone else she knows to the United States. Papi tells her that some of the generals convinced Sam and Oscar to drink rum the night before, and they were very drunk. Suddenly Anita feels that all of the males in her life, except for Papi and Toni, are gross.

The night before she is scheduled to leave, Lucinda invites Anita to sleep in her room. Anita thinks about El Jefe being murdered and feels sick. Lucinda begins to cry. They comfort each other, and Lucinda tells her about different boys that she has kissed. In the morning, there is blood in the bed: Anita has gotten her period. They bundle up the sheets and try to sneak them into the wash. Anita does not want any man to know she is now a woman, upon learning of El Jefe’s desire for young girls. Chucha sees what they are doing and takes Anita with her to her room. Chucha puts the bloody sheets in Lorena’s room, believing they will scare her.

Lucinda receives her visa and will leave soon. As the chapter ends, Chucha appears triumphantly and says that Lorena is leaving the house forever. 

Chapters 4-6 Analysis

When Anita gets her period, she now meets the physical definition of womanhood, and is suddenly confronted with one of the fears of womanhood: that a man like El Jefe could take her and use her. But his attention is reserved for Lucinda, who is forced to leave the country and go to New York, leaving Anita in a state of even greater isolation. The text mentions how Anita used to pray to Trujillo like she did to Jesus, an odd comparison in that Jesus gave his life for others, while Anita learns that Trujillo does the exact opposite: He takes other people’s lives to ensure his survival. The narrative sets up a monstrous foil here of good versus evil.

As the paranoia grows in the house with the threat of Lorena’s surveillance and the increased presence of SIM in their lives, Anita is confronted by the lack of her freedoms. Her family has fewer options than she ever would have believed. But rather than live paralyzed with fear, she takes another step towards adulthood as she vows to join the fight, rather than run from it. If it’s a fight between good and evil, Anita underscores her maturity by choosing good regardless of the consequences. Her admiration for Joan of Arc is poignant, but it also introduces a new level of tension, given that Joan of Arc was eventually executed for her efforts and beliefs. Alvarez uses this idolization of Joan of Arc to add tension to the narrative by posing important questions: Will Anita end up like Joan of Arc? Will she, like so many others, become a martyr for a greater cause?

The appearance of El Jefe illustrates an important point: In person, he is small, vain, and far less glorious than his portraits and state-mandated adulation would suggest. When Anita perceives him as small and insecure, and just another person, it raises new questions for her about how someone so unimpressive might come to power, and what disturbing lengths a person like Trujillo would have to go to in order to come to rule a country. His appearance also highlights the reality of hero worship. He’s applauded by those around him, not because they admire him but because they are afraid of him. Hero worship in this sense is a toxic environment, to the point that that friends and family members are willing to turn on one another to ensure their own survival, as Lorena’s storyline suggests.

This hero worship also stands out against other instances of hero worship in this section. Anita, for instance, searches magazines for pictures of Audrey Hepburn so that she can mirror her makeup like the famous star. The candidacy of John F. Kennedy also comes up, adding more weight to the narrative by grounding it in a historic moment. Anita finds the US’ fascination with Kennedy, and the fact that the US chooses a new president every four years, fascinating—especially the fact that Americans leave the Dominican Republic for America just to take part in the election of this “hero.” Anita’s shock here underscores what the Dominican Republic might have become had democratic practices like fair elections taken place instead of the 30-plus year reign of Trujillo.

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