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42 pages 1 hour read

Jonathan Swift

A Tale Of A Tub

Fiction | Novella | Adult | Published in 1704

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Chapters 17-21Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 17 Summary: “The Conclusion”

The narrator agrees with the booksellers that the weather is good for the sale of this book. When the buyer asks the seller for the name of the author, he will name a popular writer of that week, ensuring better sales of the book. Indeed, writers are like wells: “[Their writing] shall pass, however, for wondrous deep, upon no wiser a reason because it is wondrous dark” (164). A writer can fake depth or appear to be wiser than he is by using obfuscation with language or ideas. The narrator wonders how an author knows how to finish their piece, and how they know when to leave the reader and go on their way. Just like saying goodbye to a friend, the departing can take longer than the core of the conversation. In any case, he hopes that he was witty when he couldn’t be wise. Writing and publishing are difficult, and one has to wait for the right audience.

Chapter 18 Summary: “The History of Martin”

This selection includes a short summary of Jack, Martin, and Peter’s previous adventures. Martin and Jack have parted. Peter would not give Martin shelter. Martin traveled to the Thuringians, who resided near his land. He disavowed Peter’s remedies. In fact, he had never financially benefited from them. He also struck a bargain with a Northern Lord so that he could have a second wife. Infuriated, Peter sent his bulls to eat Martin, but Martin defended himself. There was a war between the brothers and desolation ensued.

Harry Huff (Henry VIII) sent a force to fight Martin. They had a formal prizefight and both won. However, Peter gave Harry a cap to commemorate his victory. Then Harry Huff fought with Peter over a woman (Ann Boleyn). Meanwhile, some of Huff’s tenants talked kindly of Martin and Peter, so he beat them and turned them out. 

Harry Huff died and was succeeded by “a good-natured boy” (170), Edward VI. He allowed Martin’s ideas to spread. After Edward VI died, the farm went to Queen Mary, who loved Peter. She hated Martin, however, and drove him out. Peter could sell his salves again. Peter’s followers went abroad and took a liking to Jack’s followers, and they came back in force with a female leader more cunning than Queen Mary: Queen Elizabeth. Queen Elizabeth tried to please each brother, but she could not and set up her own farm with its own salve business, stealing most of her ideas from Peter. She even wore that cap that Peter had given to her father, Henry VIII. She was succeeded in turn by James I, a “ North-country farmer” (171) who could not keep a larger farm in order. Peter and Martin continued to fight, and they hung the landlord (Charles I), who said he died for Martin, although he actually had affection for Peter.

Chapter 19 Summary: “A Digression on the Nature, Usefulness, and Necessity of Wars and Quarrels”

The author will have to go into more depth in a larger treatise. However, he will assert here that men have the right to take from each other the things that they want. The greater the success at doing this, the greater the hero he is: “Thus greater souls, in proportion to their superior merit, claim a greater right to take everything from meaner folks” (174). The more competent one is, the more skills and right they have to take from the less competent. 

He goes on to touch upon war and how it works to enforce subordination, as well as peace at home, and is a cure for corruption. Those who cannot wage war themselves can get someone else to do it for them: “Most professions would be useless if all were peaceable” (174). Indeed, industry thrives on war. Only man is capable of this, not brutes, who presumably do not have the inclination or the intelligence to carry out a full war.

Chapter 20 Summary: “The History of Martin – Continued”

Jack has gotten rid of his old landlord, Charles I, and got another, while also fighting with Martin. The new landlord also fights Peter and worries Martin. Jack’s friends disturbed the whole equilibrium. Charles II came in with Martin, and Martin re-established his movement. Charles II was then succeeded by James II, who was a friend to Peter and gave Jack his freedom, while Martin had to lay low. Martin then brought in a foreigner—William III. William III threw out James II. Jack and Martin fought against Peter, who left the country. Jack got a Northern territory, but his followers had freedom in the South, as well, and Martin got upset with the way that William III was ruling the country. Martin and Jack tried to rise up against Peter, but Peter’s followers infiltrated Martin’s camp and disrupted things. Martin began to look like Peter. The author then lost his train of thought.

Chapter 21 Summary: “A Project for the Universal Benefit of Mankind”

The author will print a subscription set of 96 volumes called Terra Australis incognita. It will show detailed descriptions of the best places to reside in Australia, a penal colony. He suggests that he will start a friend in the business of rescuing those on the way to Australia from shipwrecks. It will be a lucrative idea.

Chapters 17-21 Analysis

Swift uses Chapter 17, “Conclusion,” to meditate upon the nature of concluding. He uses the metaphor of trying to part from a friend to show that it is hard to know when to end a story and leave the reader. Concluding can take just as long the whole rest of the story. As if to lead by example, Swift then includes four more concluding chapters.

Chapter 18 is called “The History of Martin,” but really focuses on all the brothers, their continuing wars and travails with each other, and the monarchs that support or detest them. It includes a reference to Henry VIII (called Harry Huff, perhaps because he was also full of hot air) and Ann Boleyn. Henry VIII famously left the Catholic Church so that he could annul his marriage and marry Boleyn. He created the Church of England in response to this conflict. Thus, it makes sense that he would first support Peter and then turn to Martin. 

Chapter 19 explores the justifications for all these religious wars. Swift makes the age-old assertion that war actually creates peace by bringing people in the country together. That peace also creates subordination and a more docile populace. Human nature is to take from others, and war feeds into that need.

In Chapter 20, the narrator continues to try to tell the story of Peter, Martin, and Jack, though he eventually loses steam and his train of thought. The highlight of the chapter is Martin’s association with William III, or William of Orange, a Protestant from Holland who arrived to rule England. The color orange became synonymous with Protestantism. His rule also signaled a shift from the Catholicism of James II.

Instead of wrapping up the treatise, Chapter 21 goes on another tangent, suggesting that the author will now print 96 volumes about Australia. It will tell readers where they can live in Australia, which at that time was a penal colony. Instead of giving a long, drawn out goodbye, Swift is suggesting that after reading this, one will be punished and sent to Australia, so they might as well pick out a house. Indeed, writing A Tale of a Tub seems to have ruined Swift’s career in the clergy, so it might have a similar effect on a reader.

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