53 pages • 1 hour read
Chang-rae LeeA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
After Hata’s discharge from the hospital, Liv comes to pick him up. She brings him flowers, adding to the dozens of flowers already in his room. Hata arranges for Renny to show up, setting up Liv and Renny Banerjee to get back together. As soon as Liv arrives, she starts to tidy his room. Hata’s doctor has a stiff, stereotypical mien, which reminds Hata of his heady, quiet arrogance when he was a newly minted officer. Hata is grateful for Liv’s care, telling her that she will be the one to sell his home once he decides to sell it. Liv and Renny are pleased with each other’s company, carrying Hata’s flowers to the car.
In the hospital’s front lobby, Hata finds Mrs. Hickey. Hata apologizes for not visiting Patrick. She starts crying, sharing that she told Mr. Hickey to leave because of money problems and the uncertainty of finding a heart for Patrick’s transplant. She doesn’t want to admit it, but she herself is frustrated waiting for something that may never come. Hata excuses himself to join Liv and Renny in the car. He shudders at the prospect of a heart arriving and the notion that it is only possible if another child dies. Hata remembers his mate from the war, Fujimori, and his dark sensibility in interpreting events in the oddest ways. He wonders what Fujimori would say about his situation and whether his carelessness with the fireplace in his precious home was a “self-made conflagration” (128).
When Liv drives past the fading Ebbington Mall, Hata has the impulse to ask Liv to turn into the lot to visit Sunny. Renny reflects on the changing attitudes in the town—people seem to feel insecure and threatened, and the mood towards immigrants has changed. Liv has renovated Hata’s home to pristine condition, which is strangely haunting. Hata feels he is already dead and a memory, and the house is no longer his.
Hata reminisces on the last time Sunny returned before leaving for good. He warns her that young women who run away often have no option but to sell their bodies. Sunny is intrigued to hear about the war and remembers finding a black cloth in her closet. Hata is angry at her snooping, telling her that it is a flag from the war. He then warns her to stay away from the Gizzi house—Jimmy Gizzi had been stabbed. Sunny admits that it was her boyfriend, Lincoln, who stabbed Jimmy while defending her. Before Hata can offer any help, she claims she would kill herself before anything like that can happen again. She says it with the finality and resolve of a grown woman. Hata remembers how a young Sunny spent hours in front of the fireplace, finding it ironic that he is the one who put his beloved house in danger.
In a flashback, 23-year-old Hata serves as a medic for the Japanese army stationed in Burma. Hata doesn’t yearn for the pleasures of women in the same way as his comrade, the 18-year-old Corporal Endo, does. Endo keeps pornographic pictures of Western women in his radio book. Hata refuses to keep such pictures, as he would be shamed if such pictures made it to his adoptive parents in the event of his death. When Endo obtains photographs of men and women engaging in sexual intercourse, his face erupts into pimples, his appearance becomes disheveled, and he begins to stink awfully. In a strange shrine of sorts, Endo keeps pictures of his family alongside pornographic pictures, and at times, pretends to be a movie star. Because of Endo’s obsession with pornography and unusual behavior, Hata becomes concerned about his mental health.
One evening, Endo interrupts Hata as he reads a surgical text. With a worried, focused look in his eye, Endo asks Hata to forgive him for his inappropriate conduct. Timidly, he asks Hata about the “female volunteers” that are to arrive the next day. Hata warns him that it is none of his concern and to not provoke Captain Ono, the chief medical officer who is known for his volatile outbursts. He then advises Endo to get rid of his pornographic pictures because of his unhealthy reliance on them. He informs Endo that he can visit the female volunteers when they arrive, as the soldiers will be issued tickets to visit them. The next day, a group of prostitutes known as “comfort women” arrive, frightened and dressed like peasants. Captain Ono assigns Hata to handle their care—the girls are valuable to the well-being and morale of the camp, and they will need maintenance once visitations begin.
Later that evening, Endo finds Hata and informs him that he will not visit the female volunteers at all. Upon seeing the girls, his initial desperation to be with a woman suddenly disappears. Endo hands Hata his token as If it were the last ash of his ancestor and is genuinely grateful. As they walk past the commander’s hut, they see Colonel Ishii standing naked on the open porch, ushering out a girl hiding beneath the hut. In an eerily gentle tone, Colonel Ishii tells her that there is no reason to hide. The girl replies that she wants to be with her sister, and she promised her mother they would always stay together. The colonel drags the girl inside, shouting lividly as she calls out her sister’s name—Kkutaeh. A sentry hears the outburst and fires in the direction of Hata and Endo as Endo sprints into the jungle. The colonel shoots the sentry and nonchalantly walks over to Hata, asking for aid in relation to fertility and virginity. The sentry is carried away without question. The next day, Hata records that an unknown sniper shot the sentry.
After the shooting, Hata doesn’t search for Endo. No one knows that Endo instigated the shooting, and he hasn’t been seen since. Hata doesn’t wish to care for him anymore—his tolerance of him has reached its end. A joke circulates the camp that Hata intends to become a professional mental therapist after the war, and that Endo is his practice patient. Captain Ono even sarcastically asks Hata to observe a soldier from the front lines that lost his ability to see, hear, and speak. Hata takes the task seriously before realizing the joke and is embarrassed. As he is in charge of the well-being of the “comfort women,” he oversees the construction of the comfort house. Hata works to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and examines the fitness of the girls for their duties.
The female volunteers range from age 16 to 21, and a cheaply dressed Japanese woman named Mrs. Matsui cares for them. The younger sister of the girl who had hidden beneath the commander’s hut, Kkutaeh, is the only one who gazes directly at Hata as someone might in public. She is kept with the doctor while the rest of the women entertain the commander. The doctor is interested in her beyond her physical beauty and is fixated on her with the fierce intensity of a child desiring a special toy.
One by one, Mrs. Matsui ushers the girls onto the exam table. Hata finds their privates terribly swollen and bruised, smeared with red discharge, and smelling of sweat, blood, and sexual relations. When the Captain arrives, he snaps at Hata for not adhering to code—he had neglected to tell the girls to put their clothes back on after their examinations. Mrs. Matsui leads the rest of the girls out as the doctor examines Kkutaeh himself.
The officers were to begin their visitations at the comfort house that night. Outside, Hata notices Endo crouched near the jungle, closely watching the girls as they make their way to Mrs. Marsui’s tent. He then unexpectedly rises and makes his way to the girls, grabbing Kkutaeh’s older sister and dragging her to the edge of the bush. She doesn’t fight him—she seems to lighten at his touch as if he is an old acquaintance and she is pleased to see him. Hata senses the irregularity of the event and makes his way to them. He finds the girl is dead—Endo had slashed her throat, yet there is almost no blood on him or the girl. Endo is kept under close watch that night. He confesses to the deed after Captain Ono briefly interrogates him. Charged not with murder but with treasonous action against the corps, Endo is executed the next morning under witness of the entire camp, including Mrs. Matsui, the girls, and the dead girl’s sister, Kkutaeh.
Through a series of flashbacks, Hata introduces his time in World War II. His formative experiences set the stage for the events that occur later in his life and serve as the pretext for the kind of person that he becomes. When Sunny reveals she saw a black flag once in Hata’s things, his disturbed reaction foreshadows the significance of the black flag in Hata’s history and identity. Hata also remembers the dark sensibility of Fujimori, his mate from the war. He imagines Fujimori would question Hata’s carelessness with the fireplace in his precious home, almost as if he wanted to bring everything down in a “self-made conflagration”. It is as though the perfection of the life he has orchestrated in Bedley Run is not satisfying his underlying desires.
Similarly, Hata values the lightless texture of the water in his pool and the unsettling way it makes him feel that he is swimming not in water but—“pulling yourself blindly through a mysterious resistance whose properties are slowly revealing themselves beneath you, in flame-like roils and tendrils, the black fires of the past” (151). His established obsession with swimming in the pool, compared alongside the visual quality of its water, is a metaphor suggesting Hata’s desire to understand the past and face it.
Hata’s character and sensibilities in relation to those around him also appears in his interactions with Japanese soldiers during the war. A hyper fixation on sex is seen in each of the soldiers—especially in Corporal Endo. In comparison, however, Hata seems less concerned with the women for the purposes of sex and sees them in a more removed, scientific manner. This is seen both in when he prefers Endo’s pornographic pictures showing procedure-like stances and when he seems to not be distracted by the nakedness of the comfort girls as they are undressed, forgetting even to ask them to put on their clothes. Hata seems to believe himself to be removed from such desires, hinting at the distance he keeps from his emotions.
The narrow focus of the historical context on the comfort girls speaks to the Japanese collective identity of serving a greater purpose, and of the historical inferiority of the Koreans. Just as Hata refers to a collective identity when reflecting on assimilation, this identity appears in the role of the comfort girls. A woman’s sexuality is a means of uplifting soldiers—more as a biological need than a luxury. Even Hata, who seems removed from such desires, alludes to this need repeatedly when Endo comes to visit him to ask about the girls’ impending arrival. Endo’s peculiar murder of one of the comfort girls questions the morality of the girls’ service. It is ironic that this girl’s salvation is at the hands of a pornography addict. The girl’s sister, Kkutaeh, is introduced as an important character when Captain Ono isolates her from the others. Hata’s constant remembrance of her, and her earlier juxtaposition alongside the image of Sunny at the Gizzi house, foreshadows the critical role she plays in Hata’s memories and identity.
By Chang-rae Lee