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Reyna GrandeA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Reyna describes her relationship with a Latina student named Erica, who teaches her to be more comfortable with her Mexican identity. She meets Erica on a bus on her way home from school. Erica’s braided hair, traditional white dress, and red polka dot rebozo (shawl) broadcast that she is of Mexican descent. Reyna is shocked to see a university student in the US dressed like a rural Mexican villager, yet she admires Erica’s confidence. When Reyna asks why she is dressed in Mexican garb, Erica boldly responds, “‘Nomás porque quiero.’ Just because I want to” (114).
Erica is an ardently feminist Chicana. In contrast to Reyna, she is not conflicted by her dual identity as a Mexican American. She teaches Reyna how to operate in both cultures without constantly feeling like an outsider. She also introduces Reyna to folklórico, or Mexican folk dancing, and encourages her to join Los Mejicas, a student folklórico group at UCSC. Reyna comes to realize that folklórico focuses on storytelling in much the same way as writing and film do. Through Erica, Reyna also learns about the Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, who becomes one of her heroes.
Practicing folklórico with Erica gives Reyna a new sense of pride in Mexico and its unique history. For the first time at UCSC, she has friends who are immigrants, children of immigrants, and first-generation university students.
Reyna enters into a relationship with Arturo, a Mexican man she meets while working at an optometrist’s office. Arturo lives in a nearby town with a large Mexican population. He does not speak English. His callused hands and sunburned skin reveal that he is an agricultural worker. As Reyna administers Arturo’s eye exam, she wonders what opportunities he might have had if he had not been born in Mexico. Their brief interaction is enough to spark a mutual attraction. Arturo leaves the office with a prescription for new glasses and Reyna’s phone number.
A few days later, the two go out for the first time. After several dates, Reyna tells Arturo that her father once worked in the fields and that he lived in an abandoned car to save money for his dream house. Reyna gives Arturo a campus tour, but he prefers to spend time in local bars where he can drink Corona and listen to Mexican music. Reyna dreams of a future with Arturo. She wants to teach him English and marry him to legalize his status in the US. She also wants Arturo to go to school and get a better job, but he does not share her ambition. Unlike Reyna, Arturo is satisfied with his life and wants nothing more than to make enough money to return to Mexico.
Highlights from Reyna’s third and final year at UCSC include working with a new writing teacher, Micah Perks, and meeting Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, an American author of Japanese descent. Like Diana and Marta, Micah nurtures Reyna’s talent and encourages her to follow her own path. Houston echoes this sentiment during a visit to campus. Meeting Houston is a watershed moment for Reyna, who sees parallels between their experiences with ethnic identity formation. In addition, Houston clarifies the role of writers for Reyna: Writers are not simply entertainers; they are agents of change in the world. Reyna continues to draw inspiration from her life experiences during her final year of college, writing about being abandoned by her father and fictionalizing her personal story for her senior project.
As Reyna’s graduates from UCSC, she cites the need to thrive rather than simply survive, as a key lesson from her time at college. She also recalls the female teachers who helped get her to this point, including Diana, Marta, Robin, and Micah. Reyna is proud to graduate as a Phi Beta Kappa scholar with honors in her major. She is pleasantly surprised when her family drives to Santa Cruz to spend the weekend with her. Joining them are Reyna’s mentors and Eddie, a Los Mejicas member she has a crush on. Particularly memorable are Reyna’s joyful lunch at a Thai restaurant with her father and her commencement essay, which pays tribute to Diana. Reyna reads her essay at the ceremony, laying bare the obstacles she faced and Diana’s role in helping her surpass them. The speech upsets Reyna’s father, who feels it is an invasion of his privacy. Reyna wants to defend herself, but she remains quiet in the face of her father’s pain. She later learns that her father shook Diana’s hand and thanked her for everything she did for the family. Reyna goes to see the redwoods one last time before saying goodbye to Santa Cruz.
The closing chapters of Book 1 reiterate key themes of Reyna’s memoir. For example, Chapter 15 centers on Reyna’s struggles with her identity. It describes her first encounter with Erica, a UCSC student who boldly flaunts her Mexican heritage. Reyna is shocked to see a woman dressed in traditional Mexican garments in Santa Cruz, yet she admires Erica’s self-assurance:
She held herself with total confidence, perfectly comfortable in her own body, dressed as if she were going to a Cinco de Mayo party even though it was February, and laughing unapologetically on a bus full of gringos who couldn’t hide their curiosity. She was flaunting her Mexicanness for all to see, and I was in total awe of her (113).
Erica helps Reyna find a sense of belonging in the US without sacrificing her cultural heritage. At Erica’s urging, Reyna joins Los Mejicas. Her involvement with the folklórico group gives her a new sense of pride in Mexico and its unique history, teaches her about her birth country and its diverse cultures, and introduces her to people with similar life experiences.
In addition to Los Mejicas, Erica introduces Reyna to Frida Kahlo, an artist with whom she feels an instant connection. Like Kahlo, Reyna draws on her experiences for inspiration, aiming to “turn her pain into art” (115). Kahlo overcame personal adversity to find success as a painter. Crippled by polio in childhood and seriously injured in a bus accident in her teens, Kahlo was wheelchair bound for much of her life. Every brushstroke she made was thus an act of triumph. Reyna identifies with Kahlo’s persistent efforts to create art, even in the face of obstacles.
In addition to Kahlo’s tenacity, Reyna admires the artist’s comfort with her dual identity. Reyna is drawn to a poster of Las Dos Fridas in Erica’s room. The painting is a double self-portrait and Kahlo’s most notable painting. It depicts two seated images of Kahlo, one in a European-style Victorian dress and the other in a traditional Tehuana dress. The painting is thought to represent Kahlo’s dual heritage—her father was German, while her mother was Mexican. The subject of mixed cultures appeals to Reyna, who identifies with Kahlo’s painting: “I saw myself in that painting. The Two Reynas holding hands, the two versions of me–the Mexican and the American–holding tightly to each other” (116).
Reyna’s interactions with Houston in Chapter 17 also underscore the theme of identity. Reyna’s stories focus on immigrant experiences, much like Houston’s memoir, Farewell to Manzanar, which describes being held in a Japanese internment camp during the Second World War. Reyna identifies with Houston, just as she does with Kahlo: “I recognized my struggle in her story as she shared her difficulties of trying to navigate American culture while trying to hold on to her Japanese heritage” (126).
Providing a voice for immigrants is a critical aspect of Reyna’s writing. Growing up, she lacked literary role models who told stories she could identify with, instead reading books that did not reflect her reality as a child immigrant. The few books that addressed the immigrant experience mirrored her parents’ life stories, not those of their children. As a result, Reyna felt invisible. One of her goals as a writer, then, is to give a voice to people like her. In short, she aims to address poverty, the lack of opportunity, and the effects of separation, an issue that had a profound impact on her family. Echoing the words of Houston, Micah encourages Reyna to fill this gap in the literary world, telling her to “write the book that you want to read” (127).
Finally, the desire for her father’s love continues to influence Reyna’s behavior. Chapter 16 describes Reyna’s relationship with Arturo, a poor Mexican field worker she met while working at an optometrist’s office. Like Gabe and the maintenance worker she was infatuated with at BCC, Arturo reminds Reyna of her father. Simply put, Reyna seeks love from older Mexican men to make up for the love she didn’t receive from her father. Mago disapproves of Reyna’s relationship with Arturo: “Ay Nena, why are you always trying to rescue people? Focus on your dreams. Olvida ese lechugero [Forget that lettuce picker]. Don’t let him distract you from your goals” (123). Mago’s words infuriate Reyna, who immediately thinks of their father: “How dare you call him that? I wanted to do for him what I wished someone had done for our father when he had slept in that abandoned car and had been far from home” (123). Reyna’s sympathy for her father’s experiences directly impacts her relationship with Arturo, who refuses her offers for help because he is content with his life.
Reyna’s troubled relationship with her father is also central to Chapter 18, which focuses on her graduation from UCSC. Father and daughter share a warm moment over lunch at a Thai restaurant: “We recognized each other from across the table. [...] For that brief moment, whatever had happened in the past no longer mattered” (133). Their closeness comes to an abrupt end, however, when Reyna reads her commencement essay, which pays tribute to Diana and reveals details about her father’s alcoholism and abuse. Reyna longs to hear her father say he is proud of her. Instead, he tells her she embarrassed him: “You told everyone I’m an alcoholic. That I beat you” (136). Reyna does not apologize, and her father does not forgive her. However, he shakes Diana’s hand, a gesture that reveals he is indeed proud of his daughter.
By Reyna Grande
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